THE STOPP REPORT

October, 2000

Global family planning

Planned Parenthood has long been an advocate of family planning around the world. Recently, STOPP received two documents that clearly spell out the PP philosophy and the true needs of people in developing countries. We believe that reading these two documents will give you a tremendous understanding of why PP is wrong. Therefore, we present them here:

The first document is an Associated Press news story of July 10, 2000.

The headline read, "New Campaign to Promote U.S., Support for Global Family Planning," by Edith M. Lederer, an Associated Press writer.

The article said, in part,

"Family planning supporters have launched a multimillion-dollar education campaign to get the American public and the U.S. Congress to expand access to reproductive health care and contraceptive services around the world. Half a dozen leading women's, children's and environmental groups have joined one of America's richest foundations to spread the message that family planning is the key to saving the lives of mothers, children and planet Earth."

The organizations behind this effort include: Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc., Population Action International, the National Audubon Society, Save the Children, CARE, and the Communications Consortium Media Center.

Funding is coming from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. The campaign, called PLANet, will include television, newspaper and magazine advertisements to mobilize public support and lobby lawmakers and opinion-makers and will cost about $13 million the first year.

The campaign stresses that family planning could save about three million children's lives a year by helping women space births by at least two years, and save the lives of some of the 600,000 women who die every year from the complications of pregnancy and childbirth.

Gloria Feldt, president of PPFA, said about the campaign, "For so many years the adversaries of family planning have been very loud and very vocal. I think it is high time for the message of the importance of being able to plan and space your family ... to be out there just as strongly as the adversaries are delivering their message."

John Flicker, president of the National Audubon Society, said, "International family planning can reduce population pressures on our planet. It is our best opportunity to address the single most important root cause of environmental degradation."

Charles MacCormack, president of Save the Children, said the joint campaign will hopefully "build a new constituency to save the lives of women and children." As part of its effort, the organization is launching a new campaign called "save the mother, save the children."

In announcing the campaign, sponsoring organizations emphasized the alleged threat of overpopulation. The AP news story referenced earlier contained the following scare sentence, "With world population at 6 billion and growing by nearly 80 million people each year, the campaign is also pushing the message that slowing population growth will protect the environment and allow developing countries to invest in education, jobs and health care."

Of course, all the hype about overpopulation is a lie. Readers of The Ryan Report already have the facts, and we will present some realities on the next two pages. But PP continues to push the big lie in the hopes it can capture more of our taxpayer money.

Response from Africa

At the same time the information on the preceding page crossed our desk, we received a copy of the following interview with a woman from Africa.

We think you will find it sheds an entirely different light on the "need" for global family planning.

The interview is part of the article, "Is America Financing Genocide by Distributing Condoms in Africa?" by Mary Mostert, analyst, Original Sources (www.originalsources.com), July 13, 2000.

The interview is with Carol Ugochukwu, president of United Families of Africa in Enugu, Nigeria, who attended the World Family Forum in Provo, Utah, on July 10-12. Most of the 18.8 million deaths from AIDS have occurred on the African continent. Mrs. Ugochukwu had expressed her exasperation that Westerners, especially delegations from the United States, Canada and Europe, spend most of United Nations conference time trying to gain international approval for the very behavior that leads to becoming infected with HIV.

Mary Mostert: Carol, I really appreciated what you were saying. You were talking about some of the problems in Africa and UN meetings that are devoted to talk about sexual problems and homosexuality as if they were the major issue. Acceptance of homosexuals is not an issue in your community, you said. Would you like to tell me about that?
Carol Ugochukwu: Thank you very much.
To us in Africa, the family is a union of a man and a woman. They may, or may not have children. If they do, they are expanding the family. We do not have such definition of the family as we hear of here in the United States. It is surprising to us to hear these definitions of the family. To us, it is not a problem.
The problem that we face in Africa is survival. Trying to survive. To have three square meals a day. To be able to take a child to the hospital and see a doctor and be able to get medication. These are the things we do not have. To have clean water supplies. To have gas to cook. To have cheap sources of energy with which to cook.
Right now a woman in the village where I come from could trek four to five kilometers or miles in order to fetch water for cooking in her house. This water is not even clean. It is not treated. It is from the stream. Piped warm water is very rare. They do not have sources of energy with which to cook. And, when they fetch the water, they often have to strap a child on their back and then trek miles looking for firewood with which to cook. Electricity is not there. And, where they do have electricity it costs more than they can afford. And so, life is hard. Really hard.
So, the preoccupation is to make ends meet, to eat. Many children cry and cry and cry and go hungry and wake up crying, because they want food. Two days before I came to this conference, a child of four years just died in his grandmother's lap. He had a high temperature, and there was no medication. To go to a hospital they would have to trek miles, and it was raining. They couldn't go, and the child just died. So many, such deaths!
A week ago a lady died, because she was pregnant and the child was coming breech, and the village doctor was trying to help, but they couldn't go to the health center. They tried to take her on the bicycle to the health center. They told them how much it was going to cost, and they did not have the money.
They said they could not take such a case and she would have to go to the hospital in the town. The man did not have the money for the transport to take her to the hospital. She was crying and crying and dying.
These are the things that occupy us, and not the things we hear in America.
Mary Mostert: A huge amount of money from the West, especially from the United States, is spent in Africa on things like condoms and pushing the sexual ideas of the West in Africa. Would you like to comment on that?
Carol Ugochukwu: Precisely! They spend so much money! It's only NGOs that deal with reproductive health that they call "safe motherhood," because so many women die while giving birth. But, it is a disguise! They come in the village with condoms and talk about abortion rights and women's rights, blah, blah, blah, and they spend so much money! The big organizations spend so much money, but when they find out you are dealing with all that (dying children and mothers) they are not interested. You have to say you are dealing with reproductive rights before you are given support.
Mary Mostert: When I was in Geneva at the World Congress of Families, I talked with Dr. Margaret Ogala of Kenya, and I asked her, and I will ask you the same question, if she believed there was a real effort by the West to spend money on reproductive health to keep the population of Africans from growing.
Carol Ugochukwu: I believe that all that is to exterminate the whole race.
Mary Mostert: To exterminate the whole race? That is exactly what Dr. Ogala said!
Carol Ugochukwu: Yes! Yes! To extinguish us! To eliminate us from this universe! I think that is what it is. They do not want us to stay side by side with them. And that is why they are spending so much money on birth control!
When you have 10 children, in my own area, it is a big celebration in the town center and people come with presents and you are given a title. You are welcomed because you have ten children. Children are so precious to us. Life is so precious to us. Why do we have to bring it down? Why should political people from the West give us another agenda? We are living in Africa and we love it. We love our families.
Somebody else comes from the West to tell us, "You must cut down your population." How dare they think they can do that to us?
Mary Mostert: I agree totally! I'd like to ask you another question before we go back in. Would you just tell my readers what the push from the West on birth control and smaller families has done to your African culture in your particular area? Has it encouraged the young people to look at sex differently?
Carol Ugochukwu: Actually, it has devastated our culture. It is taboo for a girl to have a child out of wedlock. It was never, never done in our culture. We, in Africa, believe in abstinence. That is our culture. You do not have sex until you are married and marriage is so precious, and we have many intermediate stages before you get married.
But today, they (Westerners) now come in with condoms. Condoms are everywhere! They spend so much money on condoms, and they make our children promiscuous. They say it will stop AIDS, but it is getting worse! It makes no sense to me. It is making the whole situation worse!
Mary Mostert: That's exactly what Dr. Ogala said in Geneva!
Carol Ugochukwu: That is what the condoms are doing! People are now doing whatever they want (sexually) and the Americans advertise on television all this wickedness and abomination.
I wish my dead father were alive today to see what is happening. He would not believe that this is his village, that is the Nigeria he left some years ago.
We need help. We need food. Not condoms. We need water, clean water supplies. Not condoms. We need a clean environment. Not sex education. What is all that? They say we have never heard about it. What are our mothers doing? What are our fathers doing? The [West] is taking over our parenting job and then giving us their Western ideas.
If Western ideas are good for them [the West], let it be with them. For us, our values and our culture we need to preserve. We do not have economic strength. We do not have money. All we have is our values, our culture, our families first. Why take that away from us? That is all we have. To take it from us is very, very, very bad.
Mary Mostert: Thank you, Carol.

STOPP supporters should make copies of this interview and send it to politicians who are bent on funding these international programs. This is testimony from a person in the countries that they do not need $13 million poured into global family planning programs. Can you imagine what good that $13 million would do if it were used to bring sanitary water to the villages or improved roads and means of transportation?

As we have told you since 1985, PP is part of the problem, not the solution!

Russia's problem

On July 31, 2000, the Salt Lake Tribune ran a story documenting the severe demographic problem in Russia caused by a host of social problems, including low fertility rates and widespread acceptance of abortion.

Some excerpts from the story follow:

Over the past six years, Irina Budnikova, a physician, has examined thousands of Russian women who want to give birth but can't- women who have had six miscarriages, women whose ovaries atrophied before they turned 30, women so anemic that pregnancy made them faint daily. These problems, she says, combined with Russia's still staggering abortion rate, are helping drive Russia's demographic decline.
Russia's population is shriveling at a tempo unheard of in the modern era. At the current rate of losing about a half-million people a year, demographers predict the world's largest country will have a population smaller than Japan's-125 million-within 20 years.
The country's birthrate has halved since 1988 to 1.3 children per woman, according to the Statistics Committee. Most avoid childbirth by choice. Russia has the world's highest abortion rate, with two of three pregnancies ending in abortion.
the city-funded Center for Family Planning and Reproduction maternity ward used to handle 36 births a day in 1994; now it handles just 10 daily.
Doctors at the clinic suggested one reason for the increasing reproductive problems is that Russian women are having sex earlier, in their mid-teens. That gives a woman more chances to contract infections that could affect childbearing. It also increases the chances that a woman will have more than one abortion before she has a baby. A history of multiple abortions can increase the risk of complications during pregnancy.

Germany's problem

The Associated Press ran a story on July 19 that stated, "already confronted with one of the lowest birthrates in Europe, Germany's current population will decline by 17 million people in 50 years, the federal statistics office said."

The report went on to quote Johann Hahlen, president of the office, saying the low birth rate means that in 50 years the largest age group of German residents will be 58 to 63 year olds. The current largest age group is 35 to 40 year olds.

The low-birthrate trend started in Germany three decades ago, said Hahlen. The immigration of foreigners will not offset the population decline.

At least 3.1 million people would have to come to Germany every year to maintain the current population level, Hahlen said, but only 100,000 to 200,000 are expected annually.

Keeping Germany's population at its current 82 million means each woman in Germany would have to give birth to an average of 2.1 children.

In western Germany, the average is currently around 1.4 births. Hahlen said the average was even lower in the eastern states.

Lithuania's problem

A news story on July 18 warned, "The birthrate in Lithuania dropped for the sixth consecutive year in 1999 and if present trends continue over the next three centuries the country would be unpopulated, demographers reported Tuesday."

"The figures for the recent decade are tragic and they are not improving at all," said Virginija Eidukiene, head of demographic information at the Lithuanian Department of Statistics.

Lithuania currently has 3.7 million people, but the birthrate in 1999 was down to 9.8 births per 1,000 people, compared to 10 births in 1998 and 15.3 births in 1990.

"For the population to stay unchanged, every woman has to give birth on average to 2.1 children, but in 1999 the indicator dropped to 1.35," said Eidukiene.

Lithuania and its Baltic neighbors, Estonia and Latvia, have all been hit with sharply declining birthrates since they regained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Many analysts blame this on economic difficulties causing young couples to delay starting families and opting for fewer children.

These countries are experiencing a real problem but, because of the lies being told by PP and others, governments are not reacting and the problem is getting worse, not better.

Italy's problem

The Chicago Tribune ran a story on July 31 titled: "Graying Trieste Sets Stage for Europe." The story, by Tom Hundley, Tribune foreign correspondent, began with the following paragraphs:

TRIESTE, Italy—At first glance, you wouldn't notice the wrinkles, but this dowager on the Adriatic is getting on. There are more pensioners in Trieste-one-quarter of the population is over 65- than there are working people. The most common occupation in this city of 216,000 is "retiree."
Last week, the local papers announced that the National Institute on Aging, based in Bethesda, Md., plans to open a research center in Trieste to study various problems associated with the elderly. The choice makes sense; Trieste's population is Europe's oldest.
Thanks to increased longevity and lower birthrates, all of Western Europe is graying at an alarming rate. Almost every member of the European Union will face a crisis in pension funding within the next 10 to 20 years.
In Trieste, this demographic time bomb has already exploded. "If you want to know what's going to happen in Europe over the next 20 years, come to Trieste," said Mayor Riccardo Illy.

Japan's problem

As far back as 1996, the Japan Economic Institute issued a report warning that sometime early in the next century, based on current conditions, Japan's population may enter a stage of long-term decline.

The report noted that Japan's Ministry of Health and Welfare announced earlier that year that the nation's total fertility rate-the number of children expected to be born to an average women over her lifetime-dipped in 1995 to 1.43, the lowest level ever and the 21st consecutive year that the figure was below 2.0, a rate considered sufficient (absent deaths before childbearing years) to produce an equal number of mothers in the succeeding generation.

Since 1996, the fertility rate has continued to decline and now stands at 1.38.

In an October 1999 Business Insight Japan magazine article, it was noted that "Japan is the first G8 country whose declining fertility rate (a measure of the average number of live births for each woman under 50) poses a serious threat to its economic health, and is perhaps the first country ever to actually reach a point of natural population decline."

PP pushes on

Despite growing evidence of the world's real under-population problem, Planned Parenthood continues to push its failed message.

In addition to trying to secure more government funding for global family planning, PP has a number of "Global Partnerships" between affiliates in the United States and those in foreign countries. Planned Parenthood describes the purpose of these partnerships as follows: "The mission of Global Partners is to engage local Planned Parenthood affiliates and activists in a worldwide movement for sexual and reproductive health and rights."

PP further states, "Global Partners arranges partnerships between local Planned Parenthood affiliates and family planning organizations in other countries. The partners share expertise and experiences; learning from each other to improve and expand services and programs."

You can bet that PP is using these partnerships to push for the legalization of abortion throughout the world. Planned Parenthood currently has 18 such partnerships.

PP of Arkansas and Eastern Oklahoma and Barbados Family Planning Association
PP of Columbia/Willamette and Costa Rica Asociaci�n Demografica Costarricense
PP of Golden Gate and Ethiopia, Ethiopian Evangelical Church MeKane Yesus
PP of Greater Iowa and Russia, Samara Oblast Health Division
PP of Houston & Southeast Texas and Tampico, Mexico, MEXFAM
PP of Idaho and Latvia, Family Planning Association of Latvia
PP of Los Angeles & Vietnam, Committees on Population and Family Planning
PP of Nassau County and Jamaica, FAMPLAN
PP of New York City and Southern Africa, Margaret Sanger International Center
PP of Northeast Florida and Russia, Murmansk City Ambulance and Regional Hospital
PP of Northern New England and Uganda, Association of Uganda Women Medical
PP of Omaha and Council Bluffs and Cameroon, Youth for Youth Development
PP of Palm Beach and Treasure Coast and Guatemala, Asociaci�n Pro-Bienest de la Familia
PP of San Diego and Riverside County and Philippines, the Women's Health Care Foundation and Reachout
PP of Southeast Michigan and Senegal, Association pour la Promotion de la Femme Senegalaise
PP of So. Arizona and El Salvador, Asociaci�n Demografica Salvadore�a
PP of Utah and Turkey, KIDOG
PP of Western Washington and Ecuador, Centro Obstetrico Familiar

Those opposing Planned Parenthood in the 18 areas of the country represented by the PP affiliates listed above, now have another opportunity to fight PP. You can point out to local people that support of the local PP operation is also supporting the efforts to kill babies in Russia, South Africa, or wherever that particular group has its "partner."

Planned Parenthood is an international empire trying to destroy as many babies as possible. STOPP brings you information on things like these global partnerships so you can better articulate why even a local PP affiliate is a threat to babies' lives all over the world.

Taxpayer money to PP

We've brought you information before on the atrocious amount of U.S. taxpayer money pouring into Planned Parenthood. The first page of this report details another PP attempt to get into your pocketbooks.

The U.S. government's General Accounting Office recently released a letter detailing the money going to PP from the federal government. It reveals numbers that may be startling to most Americans. The complete text of the letter is available in the "Resources" section of our website, www.stoppinternational.org. Here are some of the highlights of the memo:

Support of international programs

According to the letter, the American taxpayer gave money, chiefly through programs sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to the International Planned Parenthood Federation (its headquarters, regional offices and country affiliates), the Alan Guttmacher Institute and the Family Planning International Assistance Program (a project of Planned Parenthood Federation of America).

In 1997, the total taxpayer funds to these groups amounted to $25.9 million plus an additional $1.14 million worth of birth control products.

In 1999, taxpayer funds to these same groups had decreased to $16.7 million, while the dollar amount of birth control products had risen to $1.58 million.

The majority of this taxpayer money went to "introduce, expand and improve family planning and reproductive health information and services through Planned Parenthood's network of indigenous family planning associations."

Thus, your tax money is being used to support the PP programs that caused the problems discussed so far in this report.

Domestic programs

In addition to the international funds, Planned Parenthood receives funds annually from the following programs (all numbers are for 1998):

Title X of HHS Act-$52.7 million
Medicaid (Title XIX)-$36.2 million
Title XX (Soc. Sec. Act)-$18.4 million
Title V (Soc. Sec. Act)-$3.4 million
Other federal programs-$10.5 million

Thus, Planned Parenthood receives over $120 million in taxpayer money for its programs in the United States.

As we pointed out in the last article, even domestic funding to Planned Parenthood affiliates may find its way around the world through PP's Global Partnership program.

All this information on Planned Parenthood's efforts around the world and its intent to get you, the American taxpayer, to pay even more for it is a cry for action. As you look at the millions given to PP already, remember, we started this report with the news that PP wants even more money from you! Now is the time for action. PP must be STOPPed!

Meet Ed Szymkowiak

We are pleased and excited to announce the arrival of Ed Szymkowiak as the newest member of the STOPP International team. Ed is a veteran Planned Parenthood fighter from New York. He will be STOPP's national director, with responsibility for monitoring and reporting on PP activities throughout the United States.

Working from STOPP's headquarters in Stafford, Va., Ed will be available to give talks around the country and to strategize with local pro-lifers on effective means of fighting Planned Parenthood.

From the fall of 1992 through the summer of 1994, Ed led a successful campaign to remove Planned Parenthood Association of Delaware and Otsego Counties (PPADOC) from Delaware Valley Hospital facilities in Hancock and Walton, N.Y. During this time he organized the entire range of activities against PP, including letter writing to press and the hospital board, picketing, and prayer services. He helped form Hancock's Gift of Life League and did advertising and fundraising for a new Lourdes Hospital Prenatal Program in Hancock, which served as a pro-life alternative to PP.

Starting in 1993, Ed led a fight against a local Planned Parenthood clinic in Hancock, New York, operated by PPADOC. In 1999, his group was successful in getting that clinic closed down and PP thrown out of Hancock!

While fighting the PP facility in Hancock, Ed also organized a weekly picket of PPADOC in Walton, N.Y., beginning at its August 1994 opening.

During 1994, Ed also led a successful campaign to get PPADOC's "Outreach" Program for Family Planning cut back to only serving those qualifying under DSS regulations. In achieving this victory, he organized letter writing and petitions to commissioners, county supervisors, and regional press as well as picketing and prayer services and budget hearing presentations.

From summer '95 through summer '96, Ed exposed the graphic condom distribution literature of the PPADOC-sponsored Delaware County AIDS Task Force in the regional press. The uproar resulted in the task force being barred from the 1995 county fair. Ed was not satisfied with that victory. He warned school officials of the task force's agenda and literature and maintained pressure until the task force actually dissolved.

In February 1997, Ed researched and wrote "NYS Medicaid Funds to Planned Parenthood (SFY 1995)." He gathered the information for the report through Freedom of Information requests to NYS Health Dept. and County Departments of Social Services throughout NYS.

In 1998, he successfully opposed a proposed state-funded school-based clinic (PP linked) in Hancock. The effort involved writing letters, appearances before the school board, press releases and regional talk radio.

His efforts at exposing PP in the press were so numerous that, earlier this year, he was named the 1999 New York State Top Pro-Life Writer (tie) by Writers for Life Project, which tracks pro-life letters published by NYS daily newspapers.

Ed's successful fight against the empire of Planned Parenthood were not without personal sacrifice. Ed is a licensed mathematics teacher in New York state and worked for years to teach young minds. In 1995, Ed began an effort to get PP removed from teaching workshops at the Sullivan County BOCES Alternative School in Liberty, N.Y., where he taught.

He appealed first internally to the administration and the school board and later to the public through letters in local press. Ed worked with Sullivan Co. RTL to alert the public of PP presence in all county schools. Soon after these efforts, he was notified his contract would not be renewed. When he refused to stop telling the truth about PP and continued to point out violations of state law, he was suspended with pay for the remainder of school year.

In addition to his outstanding work against Planned Parenthood, Ed is a veteran of pro-life activism. From May 1988 through July 1989, he took part in Operation Rescue's initial efforts at saving unborn children in New York City. He was arrested several times. Later, as part of Bi-State Operation Rescue, he took part in several rescues including West Hartford II in Connecticut. He has experienced police brutality and was jailed for about 19 days at the prison in Enfield, Conn.

Ed and his wife Linda have five children (age 10 years to 2 months) and recently moved to Virginia.

STOPP is indeed honored to have a man of Ed's talents, dedication and accomplishments join our staff and assume the position of national director. We are confident his extensive experience will help pro-lifers all across the country mount successful campaigns against PP.

STOPP on the road

STOPP continues to bring the message about Planned Parenthood to large cities and small hamlets all across the United States. For the first six months of this year, we averaged a major speaking engagement each month stopping in Bucks County, Pennsylvania; Cleveland, Ohio; Long Island, New York; Delphos, Ohio; Ephrata, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; and Wilmington, Delaware. We also participated in numerous small talks and about two dozen radio interviews from places such as Rhode Island, Texas, Alabama, California, Florida, Wisconsin, Virginia, and national outlets such as CWA Family Voice, Salem Radio Network, USA Radio Network, National Public Radio, Stan Solomon Show, and ABC Television.

At all of these venues, we were able to get out the truth about Planned Parenthood and its involvement in such things as the sale of baby body parts and its tremendous profits.

In each community, we meet amazing people who are dedicated to bringing about the demise of the evil empire of Planned Parenthood. They selflessly give of their time and talents to educate their communities about PP.

With the addition of Ed Szymkowiak, STOPP is now more able than ever to travel to your community to help educate you on Planned Parenthood. We can do everything from a one-hour talk at a conference or banquet to a six-hour seminar on Planned Parenthood for local activists. In addition to formal presentations, we are always happy to meet with a small group of local activists and discuss strategy and what works and what does not in fighting Planned Parenthood.

If you think we can help in your community, please call Ed or Jim.

We have a very busy year ahead, with speaking stops in Texas (Amarillo, College Station, Austin and El Paso), Kansas, Wisconsin and Colorado. The speaking schedule for STOPP speakers is on our web site. Just look under "On the road" and you can find out where we will be. If you do get to one of our talks, please introduce yourself and let us know you read The Ryan Report.

We are always delighted to speak with people active in the effort to tear the mask from Planned Parenthood and let the world (or at least your community) know the truth.

PP and politics

With the elections around the corner, many people call us and ask for information on the candidates for national office. As a 501-c-3 charitable, educational organization, we are prohibited by law from making any comments on any individual candidates.

We can tell you that the political arm of Planned Parenthood has a site in which it rates all the elected officials based on their votes on subjects in which PP is interested. You can find that site at www.plannedparenthoodvotes.org.

This month's action items

Let people know about Planned Parenthood's massive effort to increase the amount of your taxpayer money that goes to international family planning (i.e., genocide) programs.
Educate people on the fact that the Save The Children organization is a participant with Planned Parenthood in spreading abortion around the world.
Make copies of pages two and three of this report and let people know what really happens in countries that are the target of international family planning programs.
Educate people on the growing population shortage in the world. Let them know we face a real population crisis if we do not stop the flow of population control money.
If your local PP affiliate is part of the Global Partners program, use the story on pages 2 and 3 to let your community know how your local PP is hurting women in foreign countries.
Ed Szymkowiak's schedule is currently wide open. It is not too late to invite him to your local pro-life event. He can educate people on PP and inspire tired pro-lifers to action. To schedule a talk by either Ed or Jim, call 540-659-4171 and ask for Rozann.
Send a tax-deductible donation today to help us keep fighting Planned Parenthood.
Pray that God will lead us in our work and that we will always have the courage to do His will.

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