AMERICAN EUGENICS SOCIETY 1922-1994
Copyright Feb. 3, 1993 Katharine O'Keefe
(rev. December 8, 1993 ver. 6.8)
CONTENTS OF AMERICAN EUGENICS
1. Introduction
2. American Eugenics Society Goals
3. Background Information Tables
4. Members' Activities
A. Key to Abbreviations
B. Officers
C. Directors
D. Members
5. Index
Why this book?
This book documents the means by which eugenic goals have been introduced
into the mainstream of American intellectual and political life, and the
extent to which this mainstreaming has occurred.
Eugenics is a concept familiar to Americans as an overarching policy
consideration of the Third Reich. "Eugenics" subsumes such notions as
racial purity, racial superiority, and the heritability of intelligence,
virtue, or vice. Although Hitler is its most notorious proponent, eugenic
thinking has been a prominent strand in Western intellectual history since
the 1860's, when Darwin's disciple, Francis Galton, began to put about the
idea that the governing classes of England ought to take it upon themselves
to guide the development of the human genetic heritage. A good history of
these early days of eugenic thinking can be found in The Legacy of Malthus
by Allen Chase. A good short discussion of the early days of eugenics can
be found in Aristotle to Zoos by Peter Medawar, a member of the English
Eugenics Society. He quotes Galton, as follows:
"I do not see why any insolence of caste should prevent the gifted
class, when they had the power, from treating their compatriots
with all kindness, so long as they maintained celibacy. But if
these continued to procreate children inferior in moral, intellectual
and physical qualities, it is easy to believe the time may come
when such persons would be considered as enemies to the State, and
to have forfeited all claims to kindness." (Fraser's Magazine 7
[1873] quoted in Aristotle to Zoos., Peter and Jean Medawar, 1983 p.
87)
By the turn of the 20th century, such ideas were commonplace. Margaret
Sanger, a member of both the American Eugenics Society and the English
Eugenics Society, is a famous proponent of eugenics from that time; we may
recall any one of numerous examples from her writings. For example,
"Those least fit to carry on the race are increasing most rapidly
... Funds that should be used to raise the standard of our
civilization are diverted to maintenance of those who should never
have been born." (from The Pivot of Civilization quoted in Margaret
Sanger. by Elsah Droghin.)
The eugenic ideas of Margaret Sanger and others have been the philosophy of
the major birth control groups from the beginning until now. For example,
"Race Building in a Democracy" was the topic at the 1940 joint meeting of
the Birth Control Federation of America and the Citizens Committee for
Planned Parenthood. The Federation then said: "We, too, [like Hitler's
regime] recognize the problem of race building, but our concern is with
the quality of our people, not with their quantity alone ... "It is
entirely fitting that 'Race Building in a Democracy' should have been
chosen as the theme of the ANNUAL MEETING of the Birth Control Federation
of America ..." (Birth Control Review, vol. XXIV, January 1940. See also
the entry in this book under Henry P. Fairchild)
One of the most influential opponents of eugenic thinking was G.K.
Chesterton, who wrote Eugenics and Other Evils. The rise of the
eugenicists to power in the mid-20th century in Nazi Germany is an oft-told
tale. Unfortunately, the moral generally drawn from this tale is that
flaws in the German character explain the Third Reich. It "all" happened
because Germans are too much in love with their own national heritage, or
too sentimental, or too docile before authority. These traits, combined
with antisemitism, "explain" the rise of Hitler. In other words, eugenical
thinking is supposedly a menace particular to German culture; the rest of
us need not examine our consciences except for German personality traits.
In truth, however, eugenical thinking has been spreading steadily in Western
culture throughout this century. Even after the German embarrassment,
the eugenicists kept right on pursuing the same goals they had always
pursued, the same goals that Hitler pursued. But the spread of eugenicism
after World War II in the United States is not well studied or documented;
hence this book.
The research presented in this book aims to further the study of post-World
War II eugenic influence in America. Earlier eugenicists, and foreign
eugenicists, are studied for the sake of the light they shed on the post-War
American context.
Eugenics in America
The conclusions drawn by the author from the data she has gathered are as
follows:
(1)Eugenical currents in England, America, and Germany were more similar
than different in the period 1922-1939. Thinkers in the three countries
were allied by friendship, by organizational ties, and by mutual reference
to each other's works.
(2)The American Eugenics Society is an important network of American
eugenicists connected with the English Eugenics Society (Galton Institute),
an important English/Commonwealth/ European eugenic network. The Society
survives and flourishes to the present day. Following a name change in
1973, it is now known as the Society for the Study of Social Biology.
The name change does not correspond to any alteration in the goals of the
Society.
(3)Eugenical thinkers in democracies presently use different tactics for
the implementation of eugenic goals than did the dictator Hitler. However,
democracy was and is, for eugenicists, merely a political obstacle course.
Eugenicists do not subscribe to the political culture of mutual respect
which corresponds to faith in democracy. This is shown by the employment
of systematic deceit as they pursue their goals in the political arena of
democracy.
(4)Eugenicists were embarrassed by Hitler. After the war, they instituted
various strategies to cover up the continued joint development of the
German, American, and English eugenic agendas. For example, they adopted
of the policy of "cryptoeugenics" or secret eugenics; and founded various
cover organizations such as the Population Council and the International
Planned Parenthood Federation. There is little evidence, however, that
American and English eugenicists learned any lesson from the German
debacle - except a lesson about public relations.
(5)The International Planned Parenthood Federation is one of a number of
organizations which (a) were wholly sympathetic with eugenic goals at the
time of their founding by eugenicists; (b) have carried out effective
eugenic programs since their founding; (c) present to the world a nominal
purpose which does not acknowledge a eugenic agenda. Shakespeare defined
the hypocrite as "the smiler with the knife" and "the smiler with the knife" is
wholly appropriate as a description of the hypocritical, eugenical
International Planned Parenthood Federation.
(6)The eugenic agenda is wicked and murderous, besides being presumptuous
and scientifically flawed. In pursuit of the illusion that they know how
to control and elevate human destiny by steering development of the gene
pool, eugenicists entertain methods of dealing with their fellows which
include murdering the weak, denying marriage to the "imperfect,"
discouraging the lonely and fragile from clinging to life, denigrating
romance and family life, and encouraging the denial of all human bonds of
mutual responsibility, care, and unselfish love.
(7)Eugenic leaders wish for secrecy with respect to their real agenda and
goals. This desire is probably based on a realistic estimate of their
support among their fellow men. It points up a weakness which can be
exploited by a eugenic watch. Nearly everyone revolts from eugenic ideas
once they hear the ideas clearly and accurately explained, and nearly
everyone objects to supporting the eugenic agenda, once they understand it.
The author's goal in writing this book is to lay out the institutions,
societies, and intellectual disciplines which have been founded by, governed
by or intellectually controlled by, members of the America Eugenics Society.
The object of this exercise is to encourage a healthy skepticism about the
likely purpose and effect of proposals put forth by these groups. For
example, Planned Parenthood is famous for its "efforts" to reduce teen
pregnancy, V.D., and the spread of AIDS. It is famous for its success,
however, only in reducing the number of live births to black and brown
parents. To know that Planned Parenthood was founded by eugenicists, such
as Margaret Sanger and Medora Bass of Philadelphia, is to receive some
enlightenment as to why PP continues, year after year, to fail so
spectacularly at its stated goals, while succeeding equally spectacularly
at fostering a supposed side effect.
The author believes it will be helpful to the development of a deeper
understanding of the current American context to document in this way, the
strands of influence traceable to individuals who belong to the complex
network of the American Eugenics Society.
Organization
Chapter Two sets out the pre and post Hitler goals of the Society. Chapter
Three presents background information such as Society name changes,
Society journals and Society presidents, and an alphabetical list of
members. Known members of the American Eugenics Society (past and present)
and their known accomplishments are listed in Chapter Four. The next
chapter is an Index. Finally, there is an epilogue.
Mary, Queen of Peace, pray for us.
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2. AMERICAN EUGENICS SOCIETY: GOALS
Pre Hitler Goal: Race building by conscious selection backed by force
-=1926=-
[sterilization could] "be applied to an ever widening circle of social
discards, beginning always with the criminal, the diseased and the insane,
and extending gradually to types which may be called weaklings rather than
defectives, and perhaps ultimately to worthless race types" (from The Passing
of the Great Race by Madison Grant, co-founder American Eugenics Society)
Post Hitler Goal: Race building by "voluntary unconscious selection",
deception and manipulation
-=1956=-
"The very word eugenics is in disrepute in some quarters ... We must ask
ourselves, what have we done wrong?
"I think we have failed to take into account a trait which is almost
universal and is very deep in human nature. People simply are not willing
to accept the idea that the genetic base on which their character was formed
is inferior and should not be repeated in the next generation. We have
asked whole groups of people to accept this idea and we have asked
individuals to accept it. They have constantly refused and we have all but
killed the eugenic movement ... they won't accept the idea that they are in
general second rate. We must rely on other motivation. ... it is surely
possible to build a system of voluntary unconscious selection. But the
reasons advanced must be generally acceptable reasons. Let's stop telling
anyone that they have a generally inferior genetic quality, for they will
never agree. Let's base our proposals on the desirability of having
children born in homes where they will get affectionate and responsible
care, and perhaps our proposals will be accepted." (from "Galton and Mid
Century Eugenics" by Frederick Osborn, Galton Lecture 1956, in Eugenics
Review, vol. 48, 1, 1956)
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3. Background Information Tables
Names of the Society 1922-1993:
Society for the Study of Social Biology 1973-
American Eugenics Society Inc. 1926-1973
American Eugenics Society 1925-1926
Eugenics Society of the United States of America 1922-1925
*Eugenics Committee of the United States of America 1922-1926
International Commission on Eugenics Ad Interim Committee of the United
States of America or "American Ad Interim Committee" 1921
*Formally, the Eugenics Committee of the United States of America was
distinct from the Eugenics Society of the United States because the
Committee was appointed by the Second International Congress. The only
action we know the Committee to have taken is the organization of the
Eugenics Society of the United States, which became the American Eugenics
Society. The Committee was dissolved when the American Eugenics Society
was incorporated; and the Committee funds were then transferred to the
Society.
Addresses of the Society 1922-1991:
515 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 1991
Social Sciences Research Council 1989
230 Park Ave., Rm. 1522, New York, NY 1969-73
245 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017 1967-68
230 Park Ave., New York, NY 1951-1967
1790 Broadway, New York 19, NY 1943-50
RKO Building, Rockefeller Center 1940-41
50 West 50th St., New York, NY 1939
4 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven Connecticut 1935-39
185 Church St., New Haven, Connecticut 1922-35
Penn Terminal 1922
Notes on the addresses:
Yale University is in New Haven, Connecticut; 1790 Broadway was also the
address of the American Social Hygiene Association and the National
Committee for Mental Hygiene (1948); 230 Park Avenue is the Helmsley Hotel;
in the 80's and 90's the Society address given in the journal, Social
Biology, is the workplace address of the secretary. For example, when
Lonnie Sherrod was secretary, the address was the Social Sciences Research
Council where Sherrod worked.
Presidents:
Irving Fisher 1922-26 (Political Economy, Yale University)
Roswell H. Johnson 1926-27 (Cold Spring Harbor, Univ. of Pittsburgh
Harry Laughlin 1927-29 (Eugenics Record Office)
C. C. Little 1929 (Pres., Michigan University)
Henry Pratt Fairchild 1929-31 (Sociology, New York University)
Henry F. Perkins 1931-34 (Zoology, University of Vermont)
Ellsworth Huntington 1934-38 (Geography, Yale University)
Samuel Holmes 1938-40 (Zoology, University of California)
Maurice Bigelow 1940-45 (sex education, Columbia University)
Frederick Osborn 1946-52 (Osborn-Dodge-Harriman RR connection)
Harry L. Shapiro 1956-63 (American Museum of Natural History)
Clyde V. Kiser 1964-68 (differential fertility, Milbank Memorial Fund)
Dudley Kirk 1969-72 (Demographer, Stanford University)
Bruce K. Eckland 1972-75 (Sociology, University of North Carolina)
L. Erlenmeyer-Kimling 1976-78 (Genetic Psychiatry)
Lindzey Gardner 1979-81 (Center for Advanced Study, Behavioral Sciences)
John L. Fuller 1982-83 (Behavioral genetics)
Michael S. Teitelbaum 1985-1990 (US Congress staff; US population policy)
Robert Retherford 1991-1994 (East-West Institute, Hawaii; funded by AID)
Journals of the Society 1926-1993:
1969- Social Biology
1953-68 Eugenics Quarterly
1939-53 Eugenical News (published by American Eugenics Society)
1931-38 Eugenical News (published by Eugenical Research Association)
1931 People
1928-31 Eugenics
1922-28 Eugenical News (published by the Eugenical Research Association
and the Eugenics Committee/Eugenics Society)
Current Journal Editor:
The 1993 editor of Social Biology, was Richard H. Osborne q.v. of the
University of Wisconsin at Madison (Emeritus). He was editor 1960-77,
retired, then returned as editor by 1981. The managing editor in 1991 was
Barbara Teachman Harvey Osborne, wife of the editor.
Source: Eugenical News (EN), Eugenics Quarterly (EQ) and Social Biology
(SB) for years from 1939-1993; Eugenics for the year 1929; "Brief History
of the American Eugenics Society" EN December 1946, vol. 31 #4, p. 49 ff
for years from 1922-1940; Minutes of the American Eugenics Society 1925-56
on deposit in American Philosophical Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
for years from 1925-36; "The Progress of American Eugenics"
Eugenics, v. 2, no. 2, 1929 p. 3 ff for years from 1921-29; A History of
the American Eugenics Society, 1921-1940, Barry Mehler, PhD Thesis,
available from UMI Dissertation Services, 300 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI,
48106
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4. MEMBERS ACTIVITIES
A. Key to abbreviations found in list of members:
AESA = American Eugenics Society Accounts, in the American Eugenics
Society collection deposited in the American Philosophical
Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
AESC = American Eugenics Society Correspondence, in the American
Eugenics Society collection deposited in the American
Philosophical Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
AESM = American Eugenics Society Minutes, in the American Eugenics
Society collection deposited in the American Philosophical
Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
AJHG = American Journal of Human Genetics
ARTW = Around the World News of Population and Birth Control (IPPF
newsletter)
AMWS = American Men and Women of Science
BCR = Birth Control Review
cttee(s) = committee(s)
Chase = The Legacy of Malthus: The Social Costs of the New Scientific
Racism. Allen Chase, New York, 1977
EN = Eugenical News
EQ = Eugenics Quarterly
ES = member, Eugenics Society, Great Britain
FOC = Frederick Osborn collection, deposited in the American
Philosophical Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
FO Hist = "History of the American Eugenics Society", Frederick Osborn,
Eugenics Quarterly, 1973
JBS = Journal of Biosocial Science
Kevles = In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human
Heredity, D. Kevles, New York, 1985, Alfred Knopf
Mehler = Barry Alan Mehler, A History of the American Eugenics Society,
1921-1940, 1988, UMI Dissertation Services
Pres. = President
SB = Social Biology
SCI = Science Citation Index
v.p. = Vice President
WSW = Who's Who (Great Britain)
WWW = Who Was Who (Great Britain)
WSWIA = Who's Who in America
WWWIA = Who Was Who in America
4 . MEMBERS ACTIVITIES
Source of members' names: names of officers and directors were listed in
the Eugenical News (EN + date), Eugenics Quarterly (EQ + date) and Social
Biology (SB + date) for the years from 1939-1994 and in "Brief History of
the American Eugenics Society", Eugenical News, December 1946, vol. 31
#4, p. 49 ff for the years from 1922-1940 (EN 1946, December) and in
Minutes of the American Eugenics Society 1925-39 deposited in the
American Philosophical Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (AESM + date);
a list of members as of 1925 is deposited in the American Philosophical
Library in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1925 list); a list of members of
the Advisory Council appeared in Eugenics, Feb., 1929 (Eugenics, Feb.
1929); a list of members appeared in the Eugenics Quarterly 1956 (EQ
1956); Frederick Osborn wrote to congratulate new members as they joined.
the Society and these letters, with other letters to and from members,
are deposited in the American Philosophical Society Library's American
Eugenics Society collection (AESC + date); Richard Osborne, editor of
Social Biology, prepared a list of members for the officers and directors
of the Society in 1974 (Osborne list); Barry Mehler compiled a table of
the terms served by members of the Advisory Council and the Board of
Directors from 1923 to 1940 which he published in his PhD thesis, A
History of the American Eugenics Society 1921-1940, UMI Dissertation
Services, 1988 (Mehler + page number); other sources as specified
" The world has cancer and that cancer cell is man."
unamed Rockefeller Foundation official as quoted in
Family Planning in an Exploding Population, 1968,
Fr. John O'Brien, Notre Dame University
John F. Kennedy spoke of " ...'the utterly unprecedented world population
explosion' resulting 'from a phenomenal reduction... of the death rate,
from the control of infectious diseases, sanitation improvement, medical
progress ... the standard of living for much of the world is declining,"...
(in the poor nations) ... poverty and economic backwardness are
increasing, and their share of the world's population is growing. 'The
widening economic gap between the rich and poor nations, he concluded,
'is a matter of war and peace, of national security, of stopping the
advance of communism.' " John F. Kennedy 1957 quoted by John Nuveen in
Father John A. O'Brien's Family Planning in an Exploding Population,
1968FF
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B. OFFICERS
Allen, Dr. Gordon - Director 1954-75, 1980-85; v.p. 1972-75; Member 1986
Personal:
b. 1919; d. between 1986-1989; MD Columbia 1951; National Institute of
Health (National Institute of Mental Health, research geneticist 1952-76;
medical statistician 1976; division of grants for intramural research
1952-); New York State Psychiatric Institute; Member, American Society of
Human Genetics 1954, 1986; AAAS; International Society Twin Studies
(Pres. 1977-80)
Publications:
1977 Twin Research. Proc. of Second International Congress on twin
studies, Washington, DC (associate editor), 3 Vol. (New York, Liss); 1965
"Random and non random inbreeding" Eugenics Quarterly 12: 181-198;
"Statement of the eugenic position" 1961, Eugenics Quarterly, 8: 181-84;
"Frequency and types of mental retardation" w/ F. J. Kallmann q.v.,
American Journal of Human Genetics 1955, 7, 15-20; biology of twins
Source: EQ 1954-68; SB 1969-75, 1980-85; AMWS 12th Ed.; Membership list,
American Society of Human Genetics, AJHG 1954; Osborne list; AMWS 1986
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Armstrong, Lillian - Corresponding Secretary 1928, 1929
Source: AESM 1928; Eugenics, Feb., 1929
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Andrews, George Reid - Exec. Secretary 1935
Source: AESM 1935
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Bajema, Carl Jay - Secretary 1969-72; Member 1974
Personal:
b. 1937; Grand Valley State College, Michigan 1969-76; Senior Population
Council Research Fellow in Demography and Population Genetics 1966-67;
Population Research and Training Center, University of Chicago 1967;
Harvard Center for Population Studies 1967; biological anthropology
Publications:
1991 "Garrett J. Hardin (q.v.): Ecologist, educator, ethicist, and
environmentalist - a biographical note" Pop. Environ. 12(3):193-212; 1991
article on Garrett Hardin in Buzzworm, Jan./Feb; 1984 Evolution by
Sexual Selection Theory: prior to 1900. (Ed.) New York; 1983 Natural
Selection Theory: from the Greeks to the quantitative measurements of the
biometricians. 1983 (Ed.) Stroudsburg, PA, Hutchinson Ross; Eugenics:
then and now. 1976 (Ed.) Stroudsburg, PA, Hutchinson Ross; Natural
Selection in Human Populations: the measurement of ongoing genetic
evolution in contemporary societies. 1971 New York, Wiley; 1967 "Human
Population Genetics and Demography: a selected bibliography", Eugenics
Quarterly p. 205; "Relation of fertility to educational attainment in a
Kalamazoo public school population" 1966 Eugenics Quarterly 13:306-15;
"Estimation of the direction and intensity of natural selection in
relation to human intelligence by means of the intrinsic rate of natural
increase" 1963 Eugenics Quarterly 10:175-87; used by Jensen
Background:
In 1969 Arthur Jensen published an article which argued that
African-Americans have a genetically based intelligence deficiency which
makes it useless to attempt to improve their average academic achievement
to white levels. ("How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement"
1969, Harvard Educational Review, vol. 39, pp. 1-123) Controversy has
raged ever since. (see The Mismeasurement of Man. by Stephen Gould and
Not In Our Genes. by Richard Lewontin)
From the point of view of this list, the interesting thing
is that Jensen relied on eugenicists at all key points in his argument.
And, furthermore, he was most effectively attacked and refuted by other
eugenicists - namely, Richard Lewontin q.v. and L. S. Hearnshaw q.v. of
the English Eugenics Society (Cyril Burt: psychologist. 1979). Thus,
much of the debate was, and still is, framed by the eugenic societies.
Jensen continues to advance his point of view in the racist, eugenicist
magazine, Mankind Quarterly. His later work uses articles published by
C. J. Bajema. (see W.P. Draper)
Source: EQ 1967 p. 205; SB 1969-76; Jensen's bibliographies; Osborne
list; AMWS, 14th ed.
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Belknap, Chauncy - Director 1937-41; Secretary 1942-45; Treasurer 1946;
Secretary/ Treasurer 1947-51; Treasurer 1952-59; Director 1960-61;
Member, 1974
Personal:
b. 1891; Legal secretary to Oliver Wendell Holmes 1915-16; Member,
Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler 1920-1980; Frederick Osborn's personal
lawyer; Member: American Law Institute, NY (Pres., 1960), Bar
Association, NYC (Pres. 1957)
Source: AESM, April 1936; EN 1940-53; EQ 1954-61; WWWIA; Osborne list;
Mehler, p. 313
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Bertheau, Rudolf C. - Secretary 1936-41; Editorial Committee, Eugenical
News 1939-41
Source: AESM 1936-39; EN 1939-41
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Bigelow, Prof. Maurice A.- Member 1925; Pres., 1940-45; Director 1946;
Acting Executive Secretary 1948-51; Secretary 1952; Hon. Secretary 1953
Personal:
b. 1872, Milford Ohio; d. Jan. 6, 1955; Teachers College, Columbia
University 1899-1955 (instructor in biology 1899-1903, adj. prof.
1903-07, Prof. 1907-39, Prof. Emeritus 1939-); Ohio Wesleyan, BS 1894;
lived Croton on the Hudson; Fellow, AAAS; Founder and Exec., American
Nature Study Society 1908-10; American Social Hygiene Assn (Chmn. of
Exec. Cttee 1925-39, Chmn., National Education Cttee 1940-41 and 1943-45,
Secretary 1942); educational consultant, US Public Health Service 1939-45
Editorial Cttee, Eugenical News 1940-52 (managing editor 1944-45)
Publications:
1937 Love and Marriage: Foundations of Social Health. (ed.) w/ H. Judy
Bond q.v.), Thomas Walton Galloway, National Health Series; Adolescence:
educational and hygienic problems. 1924 National Health Series; Health
for Everyday. 1924 w/ Jean Broadhurst, New York; Sex Education: A Series
of Lectures concerning knowledge of sex in its relation to everyday life.
1916; Introduction to Biology. 1913; Applied Biology 1911; Teaching of
Zoology in Secondary Schools. 1904
Quote:
1917 Sex Education and Eugenics: "Some of the chief facts of eugenics
should be a part of every well organized scheme of sex instruction, and
taught through biology" from "The Educational Attack on the Problems of
Social Hygiene", EN 1917
Source: 1925 list; WWWIA; EN 1917, 1940-53; EQ 1954
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Blizard, David - Secretary/ Treasurer 1982-83
Source: SB 1982-83
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Burch, Guy Irving - sec. 1931-34; Director 1931-32, 1935-46
Personal:
Washington, DC; Founder/Director, Population Reference Bureau 1946 (see
R. Cook); charter member, Population Association of America; Mem:
Coalition of Patriotic Societies till 1942 when it was indicted for
pro-Nazi sedition in DC Federal Court; lobbyist for National Committee on
Federal Legislation for Birth Control; Lasker award in planned parenthood
1952 (ARTW, Jan. 1952); The United Nations, the Washington Post and other
organizations and papers use the Population Reference Bureau as an
impartial source on population matters. There is a picture of Guy Irving
Burch in the PRB in Washington, D.C.
Publications:
1945 Population Roads to Peace or War. 1945, reissued as Human Breeding
and Survival. 1947 (foreword by Prof. Walter B. Pitkin of Columbia
University); "The Past and Future Growth of World Population -- A Long
Range View" from the Population Bulletin #1 of the Population Reference
Bureau, published by United Nations, Department of Social Affairs,
Population Division; editor, Population Bulletin from Population
Reference Bureau;
Quotes:
--Racism:
Burch supported Margaret Sanger and birth control because
"I have long worked .... to prevent the American people from being
replaced by alien or Negro stock, whether it be by immigration or by
overly high birth rates among others in this country" (quoted in Chase p.
367)
--Eugenics and National Security:
"... if we are willing to keep the focus on undesirable
parentage ... then sterilization can play a rather large part in the
attainment of the peace goals" (from Human Breeding and Survival. 1947
quoted in Chase p. 369)
--Peace Through (White) Trash Disposal:
" What are the social bases on which sterilization might be
indicated in the program to attain peace goals ... Looking toward a
possibly economic test, are persons who are on relief to be encouraged to
reproduce while they are on relief as they have been? ... Are their
children more likely to be social burdens than are the children of those
who are in better control of their own environment? ... Is it reasonable
to ask other citizens to pay more in order that relief recipients may
reproduce? Is it reasonable to impose the heavier tax burden when that
additional pressure on many tax payers will be just enough to prevent
their own reproduction?" (from Human Breeding and Survival. p. 97 quoted
in Chase p. 369) According to Chase, Burch means that the whites who lost
their jobs in the Great Depression should be sterilized. Will Clinton
make similar proposals?
Source: AESM 1931, 1932; EN 1940-46; Chase; personal communication from
E. Sobo; Mehler, p. 317
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Campbell, C. G. - Pres. 1931; (Member, Eugenics Research Association 1938)
Personal:
1935 resigned March 1931 when Society decided to move to
New York; President Eugenics Research Association 1935
Quotes:
--Support for Nazi Policies as Eugenics:
1935 "Adolf Hitler ... guided by the nation's
anthropologists, eugenists and social philosophers, has been able to
construct a comprehensive racial policy of population development and
improvement ... it sets a pattern ... these ideas have met stout
opposition in the Rousseauian social philosophy ... which bases ... its
whole social and political theory upon the patent fallacy of human
equality ... racial consanguinity occurs only through edogamous mating or
interbreeding within racial stock ... conditions under which racial
groups of distinctly superior hereditary qualities ... have emerged" (The
New York Times, August 29, 1935)
--Aryans and Jews:
"the German Press quoted Dr. Campbell by the yard. Abroad
excited Jewish editors tried to dig up something against him ...
Socialite Campbell's boldest dicta: `The difference between the Jew and
the Aryan is as unsurmountable as that between black and white'" (Time,
Sept. 9, 1935, v. 26, #11, p. 21)
Source: AESM 1931; ERA list 1938; The New York Times, August 29, 1935
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Crampton, Prof. Henry E. - Secretary/Treas. 1922-25; co-incorporator,
American Eugenics Society 1926; Director 1926-27; Advisory Council
1926-35
Personal:
Barnard Univ. 1900-1941
Source: AESM 1926; Mehler p. 327
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Davenport, C. B. - founding cttee, 1921; Vice Chairman, Eugenics Cttee
of the United States 1923-26; v.p. 1926; Director 1926-30; Advisory
Council 1931-35
Personal:
AAAS, v.p.; American Zoological Soc. (Pres.); Eugenics Research
Association (Hon. Pres. 1937); Galton Society (Pres. 1918-1930);
International Federation of Eugenical Organizations (Pres. 1927-32);
Third International Congress of Eugenics (Pres.)
Davenport is a very significant figure in eugenics. But he mainly worked
through the Eugenics Research Association, The Eugenics Record Office and
the IFEO. This history is well covered in most eugenics histories. The
point I am trying to make is that the kinds of things Davenport did in
the Thirties continue to be done by the American Eugenics Society.
Histories that cover Davenport include In the Name of Eugenics, Kevles;
The Legacy of Malthus, Chase, Not In Our Genes, Lewontin; The
Mismeasurement of Man, Gould; The Nazi Connection, Kuhl)
Publications:
Eugenical News, Editorial Cttee (1921-1938); 1928 "Crime, heredity and
environment", Journal of Heredity, v. 19, p. 307; 1911 Heredity in
Relation to Eugenics, Holt, New York
Source: AESM 1926; Mehler p. 329-30
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dobzhansky, Theodosius - Director 1964-73; Chairman of the Board 1969-75
Personal:
b. 1900; Dept of Genetics, University of California at Davis 1971, 1974;
Rockefeller University 1969-71; Rockefeller Institute 1964-68; Columbia
University 1954; Member, American Society of Human Genetics 1954
Publications:
1983 Human Culture: a moment in evolution; 1977 Humankind: a product of
evolutionary transcendence. w/ F. J. Ayala, Johannesburg, Witwatersrand
University Press for Institute for the Study of Man in Africa (1977
Raymond Dart Lecture); 1977 Evolution w/ F. J. Ayala, L. Stebbins, J.
Valentine; 1976 Man and the Biological Revolution. (Toronto, York
University); Studies in the Philosophy of Biology. 1974 w/ F. J. Ayala,
Berkeley, Univ. of California Press; Genetic Diversity and Human
Equality. 1973 New York, Basic Books; Genetics of the Evolutionary
Process 1970 New York, Columbia University Press; The Genetic Effects of
Radiation. 1968 w/ Isaac Asimov, US Atomic Energy Commission; The Biology
of Ultimate Concern 1967 New York, New American Library; Evolutionary
Biology. 1967; Heredity and the Nature of Man. 1964 New York, Harcourt
Brace; "Evolutionary and population genetics" 1963 Science, vol. 142:
1121-1135; 1963 "Genetics of race equality", Eugenics Quarterly;
Hereditie, Race and Societe par L. C. Dunn and Th. Dobzhansky Bruxelles
1964; Mankind Evolving. 1962 New Haven, Yale Univ. Press; "Genetics and
Equality" 1962 Science, vol. 137:112-15; "The Present Evolution of Man",
Scientific American, Sept. 1960; "Human Nature as a Product of
Evolution", 1959 in New Knowledge in Human Values, Abraham Maslow,
Harper; Radiation, Genes and Man. 1959 w/ Bruce Wallace, New York, Holt;
The Biological Basis of Human Freedom. New York, Columbia Univ. Press
1956; "On Methods of Evolutionary Biology and Anthropology", 1957
American Scientist, v. 45; "What is an adaptive trait" 1956 American
Naturalist vol. 90: 337-47; Evolution, Genetics, and Man. 1955 New York,
Wiley; "A review of some fundamental concepts and problems of population
genetics" 1955 in Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology.
20: 1-15; "Strangler Trees", Scientific American, Jan. 1954; "Genetics",
Scientific American, Sept. 1950; "The Genetic Basis of Evolution",
Scientific American, Jan. 1950; Heredity, Race and Society. 1947 w/ L.C.
Dunn, New York, Penguin; Genetics and the Origin of Species. 1937 (2nd
edition rev. 1941, 3rd edition 1951) New York, Columbia;
??????????????????????????????????????????????????. 1925
Source: SB 1969-72, 1974-75; Membership list, American Society of Human
Genetics, AJHG 1954; Osborne list
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Duncan, Otis Dudley - Director 1967-72; v.p. 1969-72; Member 1974
Personal:
b. 1921; Dept. of Sociology, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson 1974; Dept. of
Sociology, University of Michigan 1967-72; used by Jensen
Publications:
1967 The American Occupational Structure; 1965 "Marital Fertility and
size of family of origin", Demography, vol. 2:24-49; 1965 "Farm
background and differential fertility", Demography, vol. 2:240-49; 1965
(1961) Occupations and Social Status
Source: EQ 1967-68; SB 1969-72 (March); Osborne list
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eckland, Bruce K. - Pres. 1972-75; Director 1968-82
Personal:
1982-1968 Dept. of Sociology, University of North Carolina
Publications:
1967 "Genetics and Sociology: a reconsideration", American Sociological
Review, vol. 32:173-94; 1965 "Academic ability, higher education and
occupational mobility", American Sociological Review, vol. 30:735-46;
used by Jensen
Source: EQ 1968; SB 1969-82; Osborne list
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Erlenmeyer-Kimling, Prof. L. - Director 1971-72; Secretary 1972-73;
Director 1973-75; Pres. 1976-78; Director 1979-84, 1992-1993
Personal:
1992 New York State Psychiatric Institute (1960-(1992) Director, Division
of Developmental Behavioral Studies 1978- (1990)); an associate of
Kallmann q.v. (which shows that Kallmann's influence continues in the
'70's and 80's); Columbia University, Prof. of Psychiatry and Genetics
1978-(1990)
Publications:
1979 Life Span Research on the Prediction of Psychopathology. ,(ed.) w/
Nancy Miller, Proc. of a conference in New York sponsored by the Society
for the Study of Social Biology, Society for Life History Research in
Psychopathology, and Center for Studies of Mental Health in Aging at NIH;
Differential Reproduction in Individuals with Mental and Physical
Disorders. 1971 (ed. w/ Irving Gottesman q.v.) Proc. of a conference
sponsored by the American Eugenics Society and the Bio Medical Division
of the Population Council held at Rockefeller University 1970, published
for the American Eugenics Society by University of Chicago Press;
Genetics and Mental Disorders. 1971 (ed.) International Arts and Sciences
Press, White Plains, NY; "Genetics and intelligence: a review" 1963 w/ L.
Jarvik, Science 142:1477-79 (see also Science 146:80); "Selection and
schizophrenia" 1966 American Naturalist 100:651-66; "Mating and Fertility
Trends in Schizophrenia" in Expanding Goals of Genetics in Psychiatry.
1962 by F. J. Kallmann q.v.
Source: SB 1971, 1972 (December), 1973-84, 1992-1993; Osborne list; AMWS
1989-90
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fairchild, Prof. Henry Pratt - sec./treas. 1926-28; v. p. 1926-28; Pres.,
1929-31; Director 1926-1932, 1935, 1939-51
Personal:
b. 1880; d. 1956; Marxist; PhD; Yale (sociology 1910-12; Science of
Society 1912-18); assoc. director, personnel department, War Camp. Comm.
Service 1918-19; New York University (Bureau of Community Service and
Research, director 1919-24; Prof. of Sociology 1924-51; Chmn., Dept. of
Sociology in graduate school 1938-45); National Research Council and
special investigator on immigration for the Dept. of Labor 1923;
Population Association of America (First Pres. 1921-25); Town Hall Club
(Pres. 1934-40); American Sociol. Society (Pres. 1936); Planned
Parenthood of America Federation (a.k.a. Birth Control Federation of
America till 1942; Bd. Dirs. 1932, v.p. 1939-48, after Fairchild joined
the BCFA they formed a Committee (1935) on Birth Control and Eugenics;
Fairchild asked the Eugenic Society for permission to join the BCFA);
American-Soviet Friendship Club (National Council)
Publications:
1947 Race and Nationality as Factors in American Life; Immigration. 1913;
The Melting Pot Mistake 1926; The Alien in Our Midst. 1930 (contrib. w/
Madison Grant, Lothrop Stoddard, Harry H. Laughlin, Charles Davenport,
Paul Popenoe, Henry Fairfield Osborn, all of the American Eugenics
Society); General Sociology. 1934; Birth Control Review, Consulting
Editor 1939; People: The Quantity and Quality of Population. 1939; gave
keynote speech on "Race Building in a Democracy" to Birth Control
Federation of America (BCFA) and the National Committee on Planned
Parenthood during 1940 annual meeting of BCFA; Economics for the
Millions. 1940 ("the book is really a critique of our capitalist economy
from a Marxist point of view" from the Book Review Digest. 1940 p. 291
quoting Books. March 17, 1940 p. 19);
Background:
--Immigration:
The Alien in Our Midst supported the Johnson Act, the act which, for the
first time in American history, set immigration quotas.
"The Johnson Act quotas were kept inviolate until Pearl Harbor Day, 1941.
At least nine million human beings of what Galton and Pearson called
degenerate stock, two thirds of them the Jews Dr. Stoddard had
malignantly mislabeled as Central Asiatics posing as Semitic Hebrews,
continued to be denied sanctuary at our gates. They were all ultimately
herded into Nordic Rassenhygiene camps, where the race biologists in
charge made certain that they ceased to multiply. And ceased to be."
(Chase p. 360, commenting on The Alien in Our Midst)
--Marxism and eugenics by Engels:
"The whole Darwinist teaching of the struggle for existence is simply a
transference from society to living nature of Hobbes' doctrine of bellum
omnium contra omnes and of the bourgeois doctrine of competition together
with Malthus' theory of population. When this conjurer's trick has been
performed ... the same theories are transferred back again from organic
nature into history and it is now claimed that their validity as eternal
laws of human society has been proved. The puerility of this proceeding
is so obvious that not a word need be said about it" letter to P. L.
Lavrov, 12-17 November 1875 cited in Not In Our Genes: Biology, Ideology
and Human Nature. 1984 by R. C. Lewontin, Steven Rose, and Leon Kamin,
New York, Pantheon, p. 309
--Planned Parenthood and Race Building in 1940:
"The Annual Meeting [1940]
"The ANNUAL MEETING of the Birth Control Federation of
America ... will be in effect a three day forum on Race Building in a
Democracy. It will also mark the opening of the 1940 campaign of the
Federation under the auspices of a National Committee for Planned
Parenthood. ... The program includes the presentation of papers showing
the relationship of birth control to other efforts to improve the quality
of people in the United States....
"RACE BUILDING IN A DEMOCRACY: A SYMPOSIUM
"Seven vital phases of this subject, each of major
importance, will be presented on Tuesday afternoon, January 23rd.
Professor Henry Pratt Fairchild ... will preside. Mrs. Louis deB. Moore
is in charge of arrangements for this part of the meeting...
LUNCHEON AND OPENING OF CAMPAIGN
The luncheon on Wednesday, January 24th, will be an
outstanding event of the ANNUAL MEETING. ... [at this luncheon] Professor
Henry Pratt Fairchild will discuss further the subject of "Race Building
in a Democracy" and Dr. Woodbridge E. Morris will speak on the subject of
"A National Program for the United States" The meeting will mark the
opening of the Federation's 1940 financial campaign...
"Professor Fairchild, summarizing the addresses of the Symposium
presented January 23rd, will evaluate the significance of a birth control
program in relation to other important social efforts to improve the
general welfare.
"Dr. Morris, speaking on the national program, will discuss how the
Federation is prepared to assist in the application of the principles of
planned parenthood to the broad program of Race Building....
"CAMPAIGN NEWS
"... A new development of the [Birth Control Federation of America]
campaign this year ... is the effort now under way to enlarge the
Citizens Committee into a National Committee for Planned Parenthood. ...
everything promises an auspicious public launching of the effort [to
enlarge the Citizens Committee into a National Committee for Planned
Parenthood] at the annual luncheon to be held at the Hotel Roosevelt,
Wednesday, January 24th" [the luncheon where Professor Fairchild and Dr.
Morris were to speak on race building and planned parenthood] (Birth
Control Review, January 1940, pp. 39-40)
Source: AESM 1926, 1927, 1929, 1935; Eugenics, Feb., 1929; EN 1939-51; F.
O. Hist; Chase; Birth Control Review 1940 #3; BCR, Nov. 1939
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fisher, Prof. Irving - Society Founder 1922; Pres., 1922-26; v.p. 1929;
Director 1926-1932, 1939-40; Member 1946
Personal:
1867-1947; Economist who worked on capital and monetary theory; Yale
University (BA 1888, PhD 1891, taught mathematics 1892-95, taught
political economy and economics 1895-1935) ; 1910 card file system made
him rich; developed idea of 'commodity dollar' 1912-35; Chmn., Board of
Scientific Directors of Eugenics Record Office; Pres. of Eugenics
Research Assn. 1920; representative to International Federation of
Eugenic Organizations (elected 1922 Brussels); League of Nations;
cofounder, Remington Rand 1926
Publications:
1932 Booms and Depressions; The Theory of Interest. 1930; Mathematical
Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices; The Nature of Capital
and Income. 1906; The Purchasing Power of Money. 1911; The Making of
Index Numbers. 1922
Background:
1924 When the American Eugenics Society began it was called the Committee
on Eugenics of the United States. Irving Fisher wrote to Katherine Davis
q.v. that the purpose of the Committee was to "stem the tide of
threatened race degeneracy" and to protect the United States against
"indiscriminate immigration, criminal degenerates, and race suicide"
(quoted in Mehler, Sources in the Study of Eugenics, Mendel Newsletter,
Nov., 1978)
Source: AESM 1926, 1928, 1929, 1932; EN 1920, 1934, 1940; F. O. Hist.; EN
1946 December p. 50, 51; Encyclopedia Britannica 15th edition 1987
"Irving Fisher"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Folsom, Prof. Joseph K. - Director 1939-54; v. p. 1947-49; Member 1956
Personal:
b. 1893; Professor of Sociology, Vassar College 1939-45, 1954
Publications:
Plan for Marriage: an intelligent approach to marriage and parenthood.
proposed by members of the staff of Vassar College. An extracurricular
series of lectures, all the authors are associates of Vassar either as
regular faculty or the summer Institute of Euthenics (see chapter by J.
K. Folsom "Finding a mate in modern society")
Source: EN 1940-1953; EQ 1954, 1956
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fuller, John Langworthy - Member 1974; Director 1978-80; Pres., 1982-83
Personal:
b. 1910; State University of New York, Binghamton 1974, 1978-1980
Publications:
1987 book review of Progress or Catastrophe: The Nature of Biological
Science and Its Impact on Human Society by Glass, Social Biology, v. 34,
1-2; 1986 Perspectives in Behavior Genetics. (Ed.) w/ Edward Simmel) L.
Erlbaum Assoc.; "The Genetics of Alcohol Consumption in Animals" 1985
Social Biology, v. 32, 3-4; Behavior Genetics: principles and
applications 1983 Ed w/ Edward Simmel) L. Erlbaum Assoc.; Book review in
Social Biology, 1983, v. 30, 3 of Biology and the Social Sciences: An
Emerging Evolution by Wiegele; Foundations of Behavior Genetics. 1978 w/
Robert Thompson, Mosby; Journal of Heredity, 65, 33, 1974; Genetics and
the Social Behavior of the Dog. 1965 w/ John Paul Scott q.v. Univ. of
Chicago Press; "Suggestions from Animal Studies for Human behavior" 1965
in Methods and Goals in Human Behavior Genetics. (ed. Vandenberg);
Motivation: a biological perspective. 1962 Random House; Behavior
Genetics. 1960 w/ Robert Thompson, Wiley; Nature and Nurture: a modern
synthesis. 1954 Doubleday; "Heredity and Learning in Infrahuman Mammals"
Eugenics Quarterly 1 (1) 1954
Source: SB 1978-83; Osborne list; SCI
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goodsell, Willystine - Director 1931, 1932, 1939-46; v.p. 1937
Personal:
1939-41 assoc. prof. of education, Teachers College, Columbia University,
New York, NY; (retired 1942)
Source: AESM 1931, 1932, 1937; EN 1939-46
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gottesman, Prof. Irving I. - 1969-75; v.p. 1976-81
Personal:
b. 1930; PhD Univ. Minnesota 1960; Institute of Psychiatry, London
1963-64; Univ. of North Carolina (assoc. prof. of psychiatric genetics
1964-66); University of Minnesota (Prof. Dept. of Psychology 1966-80);
Washington University, St. Louis (Prof., Dept. of Psychiatry 1980-85);
Univ. of Virginia (Prof. of Psychology 1985-); NIMH (Cons. 1975-79, 1992;
NIMH National Plan for Schizophrenia 1988-89); Commission on Huntington's
Disease (Pres., 1977); Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral
Sciences 1987-88; Minnesota Human Genetics League (v.p. 1967-71);
Behavioral Genetics Association (Pres. 1976-77); American Society of
Human Genetics, (editorial board 1967-72); Society for Research in
Psychopathology (Pres. 1992); 1992 "Divided Selves", Discover, v. 13, p.
38, Sept. (about Gottesman)
Publications:
1991 Schizophrenia Genesis: the origins of madness. w/ Dorothea Wolfgram,
New York, Freeman ("For anyone who has ever had an interest in
understanding schizophrenia {this} is the definitive book" from
publisher's blurb by fellow eugenics society member, L.
Erlenmeyer-Kimling, in Scientific American, August 1991, p. 12, reviewed
by Philip Morrison, Scientific American, v. 264, March, 1991, p. 122);
Demography and Schizophrenia. 1989; "Premorbid psychometric indicators of
the gene for Huntington's disease", J. Consult. Clin. Psychiatry
45:1011-22; Schizophrenia: the epigenetic puzzle. 1982 w/ James Shields
(ES), Cambridge University Press ("what behavioral genetics tells us
about the origins of schizophrenia" from review in Social Biology 1983 p.
341); Schizophrenia and genetics: a twin study vantage point. 1972 w/
James Shields (ES) New York, Academic Press; Man, Mind and Heredity:
selected papers of Eliot Slater (ES) on psychiatry and genetics. 1971
(Ed w/ James Shields (ES)) Johns Hopkins Press; Differential Reproduction
in individuals with mental and physical disorders. 1970 (Ed w/ L.
Erlenmeyer-Kimling q.v.) from Conference sponsored by American Eugenics
Society and Bio Medical Division of the Population Council held at
Rockefeller University 1970, pub. by the Univ. of Chicago Press for the
American Eugenics Society; "Schizophrenia in twins: 16 years consecutive
admissions to a psychiatric clinic." 1966 Diseases of the Nervous System
(Supplement) 27(7):11-19 w/ James Shields (ES); "Personality and Natural
Selection" 1965 in Methods and Goals in Human Behavior Genetics. (Ed
Vandenberg); "Heritability of Personality: a demonstration" 1963
Psychological Monographs 77(9):1-20
Source: SB 1969-81; Osborne list
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grant, Madison - co-incorporator, American Eugenics Society Inc., 1926;
Director 1929
Personal:
Yale 1887; law degree Columbia 1890; one of founders of New York
Zoological Society, the Bronx Zoo (Pres. after H. F. Osborn q.v.,
succeeded by H. F. Osborn Jr.), Save the Redwoods League; Treasurer:
Second (1921) and Third (1932) Eugenics Congress; Pres: Eugenics Research
Assn., Bronx Parkway Comm.; Immigration Restriction League; Charter
Fellow, Galton Society; obit NY Times May 31 1937
Publications:
1936 Eugenical News, Advisory Board; 1916 The Passing of the Great Race.
(preface by H. F. Osborn q.v., ideas of Count Gobineau on Aryan
supremacy); wrote preface to The Rising Tide of Color Against White World
Supremacy.; contributed to The Alien in Our Midst. or "Selling Our
Birthright for a Mess of Pottage" 1930 w/ others, pub. by Galton
Publishing Co. Inc. (see H. P. Fairchild q.v.)
Quotes from The Passing of the Great Race
--Race and Immigration:
"... the New England manufacturer imported the Irish ... the immigrant
laborers are now breeding out their masters and killing by filth and
crowding as effectively as the sword ... Associated with this advance of
democracy and the transfer of power from the higher to the lower races,
we find the spread of socialism and the recrudescence of obsolete
religious forms" (from The Passing of the Great Race. quoted in Chase p.
167)
--Religion, Philanthropy and Eugenics:
"... Indiscriminate efforts to preserve babies among the lower classes
often results in serious injury to the race ... Mistaken regard for what
are believed to be divine laws and sentimental belief in the sanctity of
human life tend to prevent both the elimination of defective infants and
the sterilization of such adults as are themselves of no value to the
community" (from The Passing of the Great Race. quoted in Chase p. 171)
--Eugenics and the Jews:
"... the Polish Jew, whose dwarf stature, peculiar mentality and ruthless
concentration on self interest are being engrafted upon the stock of the
nation." (from The Passing of the Great Race. quoted in Chase p. 172)
--The real goals of sterilization:
sterilization could "... be applied to an ever widening circle of social
discards, beginning always with the criminal, the diseased and the
insane, and extending gradually to types which may be called weaklings
rather than defectives, and perhaps ultimately to worthless race types"
(from The Passing of the Great Race. quoted in Chase p. 172)
Source: Eugenics, Feb., 1929; WWWIA; The Legacy of Malthus. Chase; F. O.
Hist.; EN, May/June 1936
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Guttmacher, Dr. Alan F. - Director 1955; v.p. 1956-63; Director 1964-66
MD; d. March 18, 1974; President, Planned Parenthood Federation of
America 1962-1974; Mount Sinai New York 1952-66 (Director of Obstetrics
1952-62; Director Emeritus 1962-); Association for the Study of Abortion;
Chmn., Lasker Committee 1961; Founder, American Association of Planned
Parenthood Physicians 1963; International Planned Parenthood Federation
(Management and Planning Committee (196263, 1964); Medical Committee,
(1961-62, Chmn., 1964-68); Regional representative, Western Hemisphere
(1962-63, 1964); Council 196162; consultant, IPPF medical publications
and IPPF newsletter when Dorothy Brush was editor 1952-56; Western
Hemisphere Regional Council 1955); in 1968 IPPF was assigned to assist
the government of Botswana in developing family planning following visits
by A. Guttmacher according to ARTW, Dec. 1968
Publications:
1973 Pregnancy, Birth and Family Planning; 1970 Understanding Sex; 1969
Birth Control and Love; 1967 The Case for Legalized Abortion, Diablo
Press, Berkeley; Babies by Choice or by Chance? 1956 w/ E. Mears (ES);
"Heredity Counseling" Eugenics Quarterly 1954 (Compare with arguments in
The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law. 1957 G. Williams (ES))
Quotes:
--Conception:
1961
"Fertilization has then taken place; a baby has been
conceived" Birth Control and Love: The Complete Guide to Contraception
and Fertility, 1961, MacMillan, p. 12 quoted in Abortion, Krason
1968
"My feeling is that the fetus, particularly during its
early intrauterine life, is merely a group of specialized cells that do
not differ materially from other cells" 1968 Symposium: Law, Morality and
Abortion, 22 Rutgers Law Review, 436, quoted in Abortion, Krason
Source: EQ 1956-66; Annual Report, IPPF 1959-61, 1962-62, 1964, 1974
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Haber, Sonja B. - Secretary 1978; Secretary/ Treasurer 1979-81; Member 1989
Personal:
1989- 1976 Brookhaven National Laboratory (1976-(1989), research assoc.
in population genetics 1976-78, asst. scientist to Scientist 1978-84,
Scientist 1984-(1989))
Source: SB 1978-81; SCI 1980-85; AMWS 1989
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hamburg, Beatrix A. - Director 1983; v.p. 1984-90
Personal:
1992 Pres., W. T. Grant Foundation (see D. Jenness); Harvard Medical
School 1983
Publications:
1989 "Research on child and adolescent mental disorders", Science, v.
246, Nov. 10, 1989, p. 738; 1986 School-age pregnancy and parenthood:
biosocial dimensions. (ed., w/ Jane B. Lancaster q.v.), sponsored by the
Social Science Research Council (see Kenneth Prewitt, Lonnie Sherrod
q.v.), New York, Aldine De Gruyter; 1984 "Adolescent pregnancy:
biobehavioral determinants of outcome", Journal of Pediatrics, Dec., v.
105 (6), p. 857; 1980 Behavioral and psychosocial issues in diabetes,
Proc. of national conference in Madison, Wisconsin sponsored by National
Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases, DHHS, Public
Health Service, National Institutes of Health No. 80-1993
Source: SB 1983-90
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hammons, Helen; Exec. Sec. 1951-60; editor, Eugenical News and Eugenics
Quarterly 1951-60; Director 1959-67; managing editor 1959-62 and
contributing editor 1963-64, Eugenics Quarterly
Personal:
1967-51 New York City.
Publications:
1960 "Evolution and the Phenomenon of Man", Eugenics Quarterly, v. 7, no.
2; 1960-1951, editor, Eugenical News and Eugenics Quarterly; 1959
Heredity Counseling. (Ed.), Symposium held at New York Academy of
Medicine; 1956 Heredity Counseling: its services and centers. (for
doctors, nurses, public health workers, social workers, family life
counselors, parents.) American Eugenics Society
Source: EQ 1956, 1959-67
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Herndon, Dr. C. Nash - Director 1950-52; President 1953-55; Director
1956-72; Member 1974
Personal:
MD; Geneticist, Bowman Gray School of Medicine 1953-72; Member, American
Society of Human Genetics 1954
Publications:
1954 "Intelligence in Family Groups in the Blue Ridge Mountains",
Eugenics Quarterly, p. 53 ff
Source: EN 1953; EQ 1954-68; SB 1969-72; Membership list, American
Society of Human Genetics, AJHG 1954; Osborne list
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Heston MD, Leonard - Member 1974, 1989; v.p. 1982-83
Personal:
b. 1930; MD 1961 Univ. of Oregon; MRC, Psychiatric Genetics Research
Unit, London, England (see English Eugenics Society); Univ. of Minnesota
(1970-(1989), Prof. of Psychiatry 1974-(1989)); Alzheimer and Related
Disease Assn. (National Council)
Publications:
The Vanishing Mind w/ June White; 1976 "Genetic Counseling and the
Presenile Dementias", Social Biology, v. 23, 2
Source: 1982-83; Osborne list; AMWS 1989
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Holmes, Prof. Samuel J. - Pres., 1938-40
Personal:
Professor of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California;
Member, American Society of Human Genetics 1954
Publications:
1936 Eugenical News, Advisory Board; Studies in Evolution and Eugenics.
1932; A Bibliography of Eugenics. 1924; The Trend of the Race. 1921
Quote:
--Race and Immigration:
rather than Nordics "who made up the bulk of our immigration before
1880, we have been receiving hordes of Poles, Southern Italians,
Greeks, Russians, especially Russian Jews, Hungarians, Slovaks,
and other southern Europeans - stocks less closely related to us
by blood than the Northern Europeans and less readily imbued with
the spirit of our institutions" Studies in Evolution and
Eugenics. quoted in Chase p. 605
(Compare with Eva Hubback of the English Eugenics Society
in her post war book, The Population of Great Britain. (1947, Penguin).
"In order to ensure that those who come [immigrate to Great Britain]
will make desirable citizens ... great care must be taken in the future
to see that only those are admitted who are physically and mentally sound
and free from any criminal record. The most desirable type will be ...
from countries the background of which will make it comparatively easy
for them to be assimilated ... Undoubtedly, the types of immigrant who
could be most easily assimilated would be those from the countries of
Northern Europe. But ... The bulk of any possible immigrants from Europe
are ... likely to be drawn from Italy and the Eastern European states ...
More difficult problems will be aroused by ... immigration from ... India
or China ... Even though their nationals may not actually be excluded -
particularly Indians who are fellow citizens of the Empire - still, it is
unlikely that they will be positively encouraged, at least so long as
there are strains nearer home from which to draw." (The Population of
Great Britain. pp. 245, 246)
Background:
Index Catalogue of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army:
Authors and Subjects. 1880-1961 (eugenic literature cataloged here)
Source: EN 1940; EN 1946 December p. 51; Chase; Membership list, American
Society of Human Genetics, AJHG 1954; EN, May/June 1936
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Huntington, Ellsworth - Treas. 1933-34; Pres., 1934-38; Director 1939-46
Personal:
b. 1876, Illinois; d. 1947; PhD; geographer; studied climate and
civilization; taught Euphrates College, Turkey 1897-1901; traveled
through Central Asia 1903-06; taught at Yale University 1907-17; led Yale
expedition to Palestine 1909; research associate of the Carnegie
Institution, Washington, D.C. 1910-13 (climate studies in United States,
Mexico and Central America (climate and land forms, history, and
civilization); Research Associate in Geography, Yale University 1940-46;
Citizens Committee for Planned Parenthood 1939
Publications:
1945 Mainsprings of Civilization. ; Editorial Committee, Eugenical News
1942-45; Advisory Board, Eugenical News 1936; Birth Control Review,
Consulting Editor 1939; The Human Habitat. 1927; Civilization and
Climate. 1915 (rev Ed 1924); Palestine and Its Transformations. 1911; The
Pulse of Asia. 1907
Source: EN 1940-46, EN 1946 December p. 51; "Ellsworth Huntington"
Encyclopedia Britannica 15th edition 1987; BCR, April and November 1939;
EN, May/June 1936
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jenness, David - Secretary 1976, 1977, 1992; Member 1974
Background:
The Society's address has in the past been that of the Secretary. In
1991 the Society's address was 515 Madison Ave., New York, Y, NY
10022-5403; Society income was $45,764; Employee Insurance # was
131661611; however by 1993 the Society was not listed on the building
directory at 515 Madison Ave. The W. T. Grant Foundation, whose
president, Beatrix Hamburg, has been a Society officer, is at this
address; Planned Parenthood-World Population has used this address.
Source: SB 1976, 1977; National Directory of Non Profit Organizations,
Vol. 2, Pub. Taft Group, Rockville, MD. 1992; Osborne list
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Johnson, Roswell H. - Pres., 1926-27; Director 1926-32; Sec. 1928-31;
Treas. 1928; Member 1956
Personal:
Hollywood California, 1956
Publications:
1918 Applied Eugenics w/ Paul Popenoe q.v.
Source: AESM 1926, 1928, 1929, 1931; Eugenics, Feb., 1929; EN 1946
December p. 51; EQ 1956
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Judy-Bond, Prof. Helen - Secretary 1946; Director 1947-57
Personal:
Professor of Home Economics, Columbia University 1947-57
Source: EN 1947-53; EQ 1954-57
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Kidd, Prof. Kenneth K. - Director 1978-80, 1983-85; v.p. 1991-1993
Personal:
b. 1941, California; Yale University School of Medicine (1973-; assoc.
prof of human genetics 1978-81, assoc. prof. of human genetics and
psychiatry 1981-86; Professor of human genetics, psychiatry, and biology
1986-); PhD (Genetics) Univ. of Wisconsin 1969; editorial board, Journal
of Genetics 1986- and Journal Genomic 1987-; Member: Genetics Society of
America, Society for the Study of Evolution, American Society of Human
Genetics, American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Behavioral
Genetics Association
Publications:
1992 "Forensic DNA typing" w/ R. Lewontin q.v. et al, Science, v. 255,
Feb. 28, p. 1050; 1991 "The utility of DNA typing in forensic work", w/
Ranajit Chakraborty, Science, v. 254, Dec. 20, p. 1735; "Mapping the
Human Genome: current status", Science, Oct. 12, v. 250, p. 237; 1980
"The Effects of Variable Age of Onset and Diagnostic Criteria on the
Estimates of Linkage: An Example Using Manic Depressive Illness and Color
Blindness", Social Biology, v. 27, 1
Background:
1987 "Gene link found for two major mental disorders (Manic depression
and Alzheimers')" by Rebecca Rawls, Chemical and Engineering News, v. 65,
March 9, p. 15
Source: SB 1978-80, 1983-85, 1991, 1993; AMWS 1992
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kirk, Dudley - Pres. 1969-72; Director 1956-75; Treasurer 1974
(Winter)-1978
Personal:
b. 1913; MA Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 1935; PhD (sociology)
Harvard 1946; Office of Population Research, Princeton 1939-47; US Dept.
of State (demographer, office of intelligence research 1947-50; sociology
advisor 1950-52; chief, division of research for Near East, South Asia,
Africa 1952; chief planning officer, research and intelligence 1953-54;
Demographic Director, The Population Council 1954-68 (followed by W. P.
Mauldin q.v.); Stanford University (Food Research Institute 1969-75);
Population Association (Pres. 1960)
Publications:
1990 book review of World Population Trends and Their Impact on Economic
Development by D. Salvatore in Economic Development and Cultural Change,
v. 39, Oct. 1990, p. 205; 1968 "Selective Mating, Assortative Mating,
and Inbreeding: Definitions and Implications", w/ R. Lewontin q.v. and J.
Crow q.v., Eugenics Quarterly, v. 15:141 (Background explanation:
"assortative mating does not change gene frequency, whereas selective
mating does" from H. C. Spencer, Social Biology 1992, v. 39, p. 310);
1967 Europe's Population in the Interwar Years., (1st edition 1946), New
York, Gordon and Breach; 1966 "Demographic Factors Affecting the
Opportunity for Natural Selection in the US", Eugenics Quarterly, v. 13,
3; 1966 "Notes at the conclusion of the Second Princeton Conference",
Eugenics Quarterly 13:147-51; 1957 "The fertility of a gifted group: A
study of the number of children reported by men in Who's Who", in The
Nature and Transmission of the Genetic and Cultural Characteristics of
Human Populations. Milbank Memorial Fund; 1955 "Dynamics of Human
Populations", Eugenics Quarterly; 1944 Principles of Political
Geography;; 1944 The Future Population of Europe and the Soviet Union:
population projections, 1940-70., w/ F. Notestein q.v., Ansley Coale q.v.
and others (Geneva, League of Nations)
Source: EQ 1956-68; SB 1969-72, 1974-1978; Osborne list; AMWS 11th ed.
1967
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kiser, Clyde V. - Director 1958-63; Pres., 1964-68; Director 1969-71;
Member 1974
Personal:
Milbank Memorial Fund 1958-63, 1969-71
Publications:
1975 The Milbank Memorial Fund: Its Leaders and Its Work 1905-74. New
York, The Fund; "Forty Years of Research in Human Fertility - Retrospect
and Prospect" New York 1971 Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, v. 49, no.
4, pt. 2; Demographic Aspects of the Black Community. (Ed.) 1970, 43rd
Conference of the Milbank Memorial Fund held at Carnegie Endowment
International Center, (Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, v. 48, no. 2, pt.
2); Trends and Variations in Fertility in the United States. 1968 w/
Wilson Grabill and Arthur Campbell, Harvard University Press; "Types of
demographic data of possible relevance to population genetics" 1965
Eugenics Quarterly 12:72-84; Research in Family Planning. 1962 (Ed.),
Princeton University Press; "Differential Fertility in the United States"
1960 in Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries. Princeton
Univ. Press; "Current Mating and Fertility Patterns and their demographic
significance" 1959 Eugenics Quarterly 6:65-82; Social and Psychological
Factors Affecting Fertility. Ed w/ P.K. Whelpton) New York, Milbank
Memorial Fund, 1946-58, (reprinted from Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly
v. 21, no. 3 - v. 36, no. 3, July 1943-July 1958); The Fertility of
American Women. 1958 w/ P.K. Whelpton q.v.; "Exploration of possibilities
for new studies of factors affecting the size of the family" 1953 Milbank
Memorial Foundation Quarterly 31, 436-480; "The Indianapolis Fertility
Study - an example of planned observational research" 1953-54 Public
Opinion Quarterly 17, 496-510 ("the aims, scope and methods of the study
of Social and Psychological Factors Affecting Fertility which was
conducted in Indianapolis under the sponsorship of the Milbank..."
Review from Psychol. Abstracts 1927-58 p. 2082; see use made of this
study by Frederick Osborn q.v.); "Methodological Lessons of the
Indianapolis Fertility Study" 1956 Eugenics Quarterly 3, 152-56; "Number
of children in relation to fertility planning and socioeconomic status"
1949 Eugenical News 34, 33-43; Group Differences in Urban Fertility. 1942
(USPHS survey using WPA money)
Source: EQ 1964-68; SB 1971, F. O. Hist; Osborne list
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Krech, Mrs. Shephard - Director 1936; v. p. 1939-46; Director 1947-58
Personal:
Maternity Center Association, NY (Pres., 1946-51; Treasurer 1952-58;
Birth Control Federation of America, Advisory Council 1939; Citizens
Committee for Planned Parenthood 1939
Source: AESM, April 1936; EN 1939-53; EQ 1955-58; BCR, April 1939; BCR,
Feb./March 1939
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Laughlin, Harry Hamilton - Pres., 1927-28; Director 1926, 1929-31
Personal:
b. 1880 Iowa; d. Jan 26, 1943; Eugenics Record Office (Founder 1910,
Supt. 1910-21, in charge 1921-40); Expert Eugenic Agent for Cttee on
Immigration House of Reps 1921-31 (Committee responsible for the Johnson
Act by means of which the Jews attempting to flee Hitler were excluded,
including Arno Motulsky q.v.); in charge of research on genetics of
thoroughbred horse since 1923 (see Margaret Sanger's slogan "breeding a
race of thoroughbreds"); worked on Buck v. Bell decision; Pres., Pioneer
Fund from its inception to 1941; educ. Princeton ScD 1917; epileptic;
childless by choice; Representative to International Federation of
Eugenics Organizations (IFEO) for Eugenics Research Association (elected
at New York Congress, 1921); Mem: Permanent Emigration Comm. of
International Labor Office (ILO), League of Nations 1925; eugenics
associate, Psychopathic Laboratory, Municipal Court, Chicago, 1921-30
(see Olsen q.v. and "Eugenical Sterilization in the United States,
Municipal Court Chicago" 1922); Member: Galton Society, Eugenics Research
Assn. (Sec. Treas., 1917-39), International Comm. Eugenics since 1921;
Secretary, Third International Congress Eugenics 1932; Citizens Committee
for Planned Parenthood 1939
Publications:
1916-39, Assoc. editor, Eugenical News; 1919 State Institutions for the
Defective, Dependent and Delinquent Classes. Bureau of the Census The
General formula of Heredity. 1933; A Decade of Progress in Eugenics. 1934
(ed.); Racing Capacity in the Thoroughbred Horse. 1934; Conquest by
Immigration. 1939; Current Studies on Race Conditions in the United
States.; Model Eugenical Sterilization Law (copied by Hitler; how ironic
that its principle was approved by Brandeis)
Background:
Sterilization for being "white trash":
In 1924 Laughlin wrote a "Scientific Analysis" of Carrie Buck's heredity
for the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded, which was
run by Supt. Bell. The analysis said that Carrie Buck and her mother
"... belong to the shiftless, ignorant and worthless class of anti-social
whites of the South ... the evidence points strongly toward the
feeblemindedness and moral delinquency of Carrie Buck being due,
primarily to inheritance ... 'a potential parent of socially inadequate
offspring'". As a result, the coercive sterilization of Carrie Buck was
approved by a Supreme Court which included W. H. Taft, Oliver Wendell
Holmes Jr. and Louis Brandeis. Justice Holmes received a letter from H.
Laski, a protege of Francis Galton, which, in referring to this decision,
said: "Sterilize all the unfit, among whom I include all fundamentalists"
(quoted in Chase, p. 316.)
The Buck v. Bell decision was cited in Roe. v. Wade. Consequently, at
present anyone who is a potential parent of socially worthless offspring,
especially "white trash", can be coercively sterilized or aborted if the
State wishes. Various decisions by the Court over the years from 1973 to
1993 have been carefully crafted to retain this right for the State while
seeming to uphold freedom of choice.
Background on International Labor Organization (ILO):
"this organization is primarily interested in the influence of changes of
populations on the standard of living generally ... employment ... and
... migration" ARTW, Nov. 1953
Quote:
Orphans are "socially inadequate":
" The socially inadequate classes ... [from 1 to 9] ... and (10)
Dependent (including orphans..." quoted in Chase p. 134
Source: AESM 1926, 1930; Eugenics, Feb., 1929; WWWIA; EN 1934; F. O.
Hist.; Chase; BCR, April 1939
Lindzey, Prof. Gardner - Director 1966-1971 (March), 1972 (December
1972)-1973, 1976-1978; Pres., 1979-81; Director 1985-87
Personal:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences 197678, 1984-87;
Harvard University 1973-74; University of Texas 1966-71 (Professor of
Psychology, 1966-68)
Publications:
1989 A History of Psychology in Autobiography Vol. 8, (reviewed in 1989
Science, July 14, p. 202); 1988 (1973, 1957) Theories of Personality,
1957 w/ Calvin S. Hall (2nd editon 1970, repr. 1988) Psychology, 1985;
The Handbook of Social Psychology., 5 Vol., 2nd edition 1968-69 (3rd.
edition 1985), ed. w/ Elliot Aronson, Addison Wesley; An Assessment of
Research Doctorate Programs in the United States. 1982 National Academy
Press; Projective Techniques in Cross Cultural Research, 1976; Race
Differences in Intelligence 1975 w/ J.C. Loehlin q.v., J. N. Spuhler q.v.
(San Francisco, Freeman) Under the auspices of the Social Sciences
Research Council's Committee on Biological Basis of Social Behavior;
Study of Values 1970 w/ G. W. Allport, P. E. Vernon 1970; Contributions
to Behavior Genetic Analysis: the mouse as prototype. 1969 w/ Delbert
Theissen. New York, Appleton Century Crofts (Century Psychology Series);
"Behavioral and morphological variation" 1967 in Genetic Diversity and
Human Behavior. (Ed., J. Spuhler q.v.); Assessment of Human Motives 1958
(repr., in print 1994)
Background:
Other publications by Delbert Theissen: 1980 "Human Assortative Mating
and Genetic Equilibrium: an evolutionary perspective" 1980 Ethology and
Sociobiology, v. 1:111 ff
Source: EQ 1966-68; SB 1969-71 (June 1971), 1972 December, 1973-74,
1976-81, 1984-87; Osborne list
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Little, C. C. - Pres. 1928-29; Director 1926-1931
Personal:
President, University of Michigan
Publications:
1935 "A New Deal for Mice" Scientific American, Jan.
Source: AESM 1926, 1928; Eugenics, Feb., 1929
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loomis, Robin U. - Secretary/ Treasurer 1991-1993
Personal:
East-West Population Institute, East West Center, 1777 East West Rd.,
Honolulu, HI 96848; (see R. Retherford q.v.)
Background:
The East West Institute was founded and funded by Congress through AID.
Researchers, such as A. Coale, working there produce evidence in favor of
China's coercive population policy. Does this mean that support of
China's coercive population policy is US policy? (see also Retherford,
the Society president in 1991)
Source: SB 1991, 1993; a guide to institutes; US Budget 1992; National
Catholic Register
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lorimer, Prof. Frank - offered post on Executive Cttee 1936 but declined
because of "government activities"; Director 1939-65, 1969-72; v.p.
1966-68
Personal:
Professor of Population Studies, American University, Washington DC
1940-65; Deep River, Connecticut 1969-72; New Zealand
Publications:
1970 (1954) Culture and Human Fertility: a study of the relations of
cultural conditions to fertility in non industrial and transitional
societies., w/ a contribution by Meyer Fortes, New York, Greenwood Press
(first published by UNESCO, Paris, 1954, repr. 1970 Greenwood Press);
"Trends in capacity for intelligence" Eugenical News, 1952, 37, 17-24
("evidence indicates a low negative association between a genetic
capacity for intelligence and fertility" review from Psych. Abstracts
1927-58 p. 2389); The Population of the Soviet Union: History and
Prospects. (1946 League of Nations, repr. AMS Press, in print 1994);
Foundations of American Population Policy. 1940; Dynamics of Population:
social and biological significance of changing birth rates in the United
States. 1934 w/ Frederick Osborn q.v. (origin of soft genocide);
differential fertility
Source: AESM Oct. 1936; EN 1939-53; EQ 1954-68; SB 1969-72 (March 1972)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Osborn, Major General Frederick - Director 1935; sec. 1936; Sec./Treas.
1936-45 (1940 Treas. only); Pres., 1946-52; Secretary 1954-59; Secretary/
Treasurer 1960-68; Treasurer 1969-73; Director 1969-72; Member 1974
Significance:
The most significant figure in the Society from 1938 until his death in
1973 was a secret racist; developed the "eugenic hypothesis" "voluntary
unconscious selection" and "cryptoeugenics" and "reform eugenics" which
were the most significant post war policies of the Society; was President
of the Pioneer Fund from 1947 to 1956; sympathized with idea of deporting
the African Americans to Africa but did not consider it a practical
possibility
Personal:
b. 1889; nephew of H. F. Osborn Sr. q.v.; relative of Osborn of the
railroads; connected through his family with many of the significant
eugenic families such as the Dodges of Phelps Dodge; Princeton 1910;
father was on the Board of Trustees of Princeton and helped found the
Office of Population Research at Princeton; Trinity College, Cambridge,
England 1911; chief of the domino warehouses during World War I, i.e.,
Red Cross Field Officer; worked in finance; financed Third Eugenical
Congress (i.e., advanced seed money, paid debts at end; see Chase p.
326); 1937 helps found Pioneer Fund, a racist group; 1939 Citizens
Committee for Planned Parenthood; 1940 Research Associate in
anthropology, American Museum of Natural History which was founded by his
uncle; 1940 took part in Birth Control Federation of America's symposium
on "Race Building in a Democracy", where he spoke on eugenics; Chmn.,
Advisory Committee on Selective Service during World War II (see P.E.
Vernon (ES), A.D. BuchananSmith (ES), D.W. LaRue q.v. and John Flanagan
to form an idea of the extent of eugenic influence over officer and cook
selection; Major General in Charge of Morale, World War II (this became
Information and Education); Morale is propaganda on the home front, so it
is here that he developed propaganda skills used in propaganda
strategies, such as that set forth in "Galton and Mid Century Eugenics;
Destroyed unit cohesion in the US Army by introducing system of
individual rather than unit return; The American Soldier; US
representative on Atomic Energy Commission (see W.J. Schull, H.
Newcombe); Pioneer Fund (Pres. 1947-56); American Eugenics Society (Pres.
1946-52); "reformed" eugenics; co-founder with John D. Rockefeller III of
the Population Council 1953 (Staff 1969-72); 'furthered the establishment
of UN Demographic training centres" (Obit); Member, American Society of
Human Genetics 1954; Population Assn. of America 1940-45; Eugenical News,
Advisory Board 1936
Publications:
1974 "History of the American Eugenics Society", Social Biology, v. 21,
2; 1968 The Future of Human Heredity: an Introduction to Eugenics in
Modern Society.; 1965 "Biological Aspects of Social Problems", Eugenics
Review, v. 57, p. 182; 1963 "Excess and Unwanted Fertility", Eugenics
Quarterly, v. 10, 2; 1963 "Eugenics and the Races of Man", Eugenics
Quarterly, v. 10, p. 103 1960 "A return to the principles of natural
selection", Eugenics Quarterly 10:103-09; 1956 "Galton and Mid Century
Eugenics", (Galton Lecture, Eugenics Review; 1952 "The Eugenic
Hypothesis: (i) "Positive Eugenics" Eugenics Review, April, p. 31 (ii)
Negative Eugenics" Eugenics Review, 1952-53; 1951 Preface to Eugenics;
1940 Preface to Eugenics. (rev. ed 1951); 1937 "Implications of the new
studies in population and psychology for the development of eugenic
philosophy" Eugenical News, 22, 62-63; 1936 "Measures of Quality in the
Study of Population", Annals of the American Academy of Political
Science, 188, 194-204; 1934 Dynamics of Population. w/ Frank Lorimer q.v.
(based on data from Yerkes q.v. according to the bibliography in The
Future of Human Heredity, Frederick Osborn 1968, p. 124); 1934 "Eugenics
and Social Economic Goals for America", w/ M. A. Bigelow q.v. Eugenical
News 19, 71-75; 1933 Heredity and Environment: studies in the genesis of
psychological characteristics w/ G. Schwesinger q.v., MacMillan (also
publish ed as Studies in social eugenics, monograph no. 7 of the Eugenics
Research Association); Editorial Committee, Eugenical News 1940-52
Background:
Frederick Osborn "reformed" eugenics by proposing that eugenicists
conceal their true goal, which was, and is, to control human evolution by
limiting marriage and parenthood to the superior stocks. He believed
that less than ten percent of the population were worthy to have
children. But he proposed that eugenicists never mention their
conviction that most children should never have been born. Eugenicists
were to assert instead a hypocritical concern for the welfare of the
children of the inferior. This is the origin of Planned Parenthood's oft
repeated slogan "Every child a wanted child".
In reality, the eugenicists hope to manipulate the social and economic
climate so that children unwanted by the eugenicists will be miserable
and their miserable parents will "spontaneously" cease to want them.
Ceasing to have children due to manipulation by eugenicists is called
"voluntary unconscious selection" or, in other words, "CHOICE".
This project is laid out in the Galton lecture, "Galton and Mid Century
Eugenics" which Osborn delivered in 1956 (Appendix A).
In addition, Osborn was deeply involved with the Pioneer Fund. In 1939
the Pioneer Fund generously offered to guarantee a college education to
the child born to any Air Force officer in 1940 if the officer had three
children already. But memos from the Pioneer Fund show that a pre study
by John C. Flanagan had proved that such an offer would, in the majority
of cases, benefit white people whose ancestors were in America before the
Constitution was signed. Otherwise the offer would not have been made.
This is a model for the racism of Frederick Osborn. He made universal
offers which pre studies had shown would benefit white people the most.
In discussing "reform eugenics" he generally says that Madison Grant did
not have a scientific basis for his theories, which were the Aryan racism
of Count Gobineau. And he condemns the "propagandistic eugenics" of the
Thirties.
But he does not mean that he opposes racism. He means that a scientific
basis should be provided for the assertion that white "stock" is better.
He means that until the scientific basis has been provided, the
propaganda should not begin. In 1969 Arthur Jensen and others thought
that the work of Cyril Burt had provided such a basis. But Burt was
shown to be a fraud.
In 1992 J. P. Rushton, Linda Gottfredson (SSSB), H. J. Eysenck (ES), F.
J. C. McGurk (AES), and others from the Mankind Quarterly-
Aryan-supremacy axis are trying again. Races which did not struggle with
the glaciers in the Ice Age did not develop large brains (Zegura). These
"r" people have small heads (Hooten and Howell), large sex organs, low
IQ's (Univ. of Minnesota eugenic crowd), and criminal tendencies. (J. P.
Rushton, Federal Violence Initiative). They should be detected early and
given preventative treatment such as female hormones for the boys, male
hormones and for the girls (J. Richard Udry, Planned Parenthood, B.
Hamburg, D. Hamburger).
The American Eugenics Society had two goals: research and propaganda. In
the Thirties, the Eugenics Research Association did the research and the
American Eugenics Society did the propaganda. "Reform eugenics" simply
means that the American Eugenics Society is to do no propaganda until its
research is complete.
Even then the propaganda is not to be of the kind common in the Thirties.
No one is to be told that they are second rate.
Osborn or someone else had noticed that the left supported eugenics too.
Ever since John Stuart Mill the left had said that the work force should
be reduced in order to make the bosses pay more in wages while the right
had said that those on welfare should be reduced in order to lower taxes.
Really each side was talking about a different group.
But Osborn decided to adopt the language of the left in speaking of the
welfare group. As a result the left would support his proposals. If he
said that the number of babies should be reduced in order that the others
have more, the left could not argue with him. Or if he said that the
number of poor babies should be reduced in order to improve the
environment of the others, they couldn't argue.
In fact, pre studies had shown that this argument means "reduce the
number of African-Americans". Instead of combating the results of
racism, get rid of the "results of racism" i.e. the African-Americans.
So Mr. Pioneer Fund liked it. And it does not require a direct
confrontation; PR tricks, the eugenic strategy can come into play.
That is why Osborn was in the Pioneer Fund while appearing to oppose
racism in the American Eugenics Society without qualms of conscience.
There is no doubt he was a racist. He told Wickliffe Draper that he
sympathized with his wish to deport the African Americans. He was
President of the Pioneer Fund. He proposed a that the Pioneer Fund pay
for a study of the Puerto Ricans:
"1. A research program in differential fertility, public information and
family limitation in Puerto Rico, using Puerto Rico as an ideal set up
and testing ground. Most of the population is of very low quality* and
increasing rapidly in numbers. A study on how to control such a
population would have wide repercussions."
* "quality" is crossed out and "economic" is added and "level" is
substituted (see facing page) so that it is quite plain that "low
quality" and "low economic level" were synonyms for Osborn. In any case,
he wanted to encourage "good stock" so that when he talks of "how to
control such a population" it is clear that he thinks of the island as
"bad stock". It is, of course, Catholic.
Quotes:
To Wickliffe Draper:
"I still think our ultimate aims are very similar but I recognize that we
go about them in such different ways that it is very hard to find a
common ground." (on the occasion of resigning as President of the Pioneer
Fund, Jan. 14, 1956
from Osborn's 1968 book, The Future of Human Heredity:
On Eugenics:
--"An even more serious threat to the genetic equilibrium is the saving
of life through new medical techniques and improved public health
measures" Future of Human Heredity p. 81
--under Hitler "Eugenic proposals had been enacted into law without the
scientific evidence to support them" Future of Human Heredity, p. 86;
"The old proposals had no solid scientific basis; the newer eugenic
policies are based on recent large-scale studies of population trends in
this country and on the recent findings of geneticists, sociologists, and
psychologists ... The new eugenic policies do not give offense ...
Everyone wants children to be wanted children ... Future of Human
Heredity p. 105
--"Heredity clinics are the first eugenic proposals that have been
adopted in a practical form and accepted by the public. ... The word
eugenics is not associated with them." Future of Human Heredity p. 91
--"... at a level somewhat above that of the mentally deficient, there
are a substantial number of families among whom employment is irregular,
who are constantly on and off relief ... their birth rate is high ...
probably as many as half their children result from pregnancies that are
not wanted at the time, or ever, by one or both parents ... A reduction
in the number of their unwanted children would further both the social
and biological improvement of the population" Future of Human Heredity p.
93-94
-- "People ... won't accept the idea that they are in general, second
rate. We must rely on other motivation ... a system of voluntary
unconscious selection ... Let's base our proposals on the desirability of
having children born in homes where they will get affectionate and
responsible care ...(so that eugenics) ...will move at last towards the
high goal which Galton set for it."(from Galton lecture by Frederick
Osborn ER 1956-57, p. 21-22; also quoted in Obit, Bulletin of the Eugenic
Society, 1981 p. 47...)
---- "Eugenic goals are most likely to be attained under a name other
than eugenics" Future of Human Heredity p. 104
--"The most important eugenic policy at this time is to see that birth
control is made equally available to all individuals in every class of
society" (1968) Future of Human Heredity p. 98
--He saw " fluctuations of birth rates and gene pools not as competition
between super races subject to emotional value judgments, but as the
results of natural events, and as subject to study and verification as
any other natural process" (his son on Osborn quoted in Obit, Bulletin of
the Eugenic Society 1981 p. 47)
--"environmental pressures... there is certainly a possibility that these
pressures can be given a better direction and can be brought to bear on a
majority of the population instead of a minority" (from "The Eugenic
Hypothesis (i) Positive Eugenics")
..."social and psychological pressures brought to bear on young people
and parents" (from "The Eugenic Hypothesis (ii) Negative Eugenics" p. 97)
Purpose of the Eugenics Society:
"...to seek out the genetically valuable individuals ... with the attempt
to reduce births among the less valuable"
Means:
1. Manipulate the Environment "... environmental pressures ... there is
certainly a possibility that these pressures can be given a better
direction and can be brought to bear on a majority of the population
instead of a minority" "... social and psychological pressures brought
to bear on young people and parents" "... if we can succeed in giving
direction to social forces which will effect this kind of environmental
selection" "selection based on early success in responding to the
environment"
2. Manipulate Attitudes "the new methods for gathering objective data on
individual and group attitudes and motivations and their statistical
analysis ... (are) ... tools for working on some of the possible
applications of science to human affairs" "... the proposal ... would
be put forward on the ground that more children would grow up in the best
home environments, with no public argument made for eugenics." (Source:
"The Eugenic Hypothesis" (1) Positive Eugenics (2) Negative Eugenics ER
April & July 1952; "Galton and Mid Century Eugenics" Galton Lecture 1956)
3. Supply Contraceptives and Abortion "... there are means of selection
which do not require that we humiliate ... when family planning has
spread to all members of the population and means of effective
contraception are readily available ..." couples will have children in
relation to their income, that is, in relation to their socially valuable
qualities.
The Eugenic Hypothesis: This holds that social situations can be so
manipulated that the wrong sort of people will "choose" not to have the
children. For example, Robert Moses refused to put any money into parks
in Harlem as Robert Caro has shown in his biography of Moses, Robert
Moses and the Fall of New York.
Now blacks are aborting their children because Harlem is not a good place
to raise them. If this had been done by Rockefeller or Harriman it would
be an application of the eugenic hypothesis; it is a perfect example of
how the theory would work in practice. However it was not done by them.
It was done by Robert Moses - while they were Governors of New York.
Source: AESM 1935; EN, May/June 1936; EN 1940-52; F. O. Hist of AES; EQ
1954-68; SB 1969-72; Chase; Birth Control Review 1940 #3 Annual Meeting
Program; Membership list, American Society of Human Genetics, AJHG 1954;
BCR, April 1939; Osborne list; ER 1957; Current Biography; Obit in
Bulletin of the Eugenic Society 1981 p. 47
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Perkins, Prof. Henry F. - Member 1925; v.p. 1931; Pres., 1931-34;
Director 1939-45
Personal:
Prof. of Zoology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT. 1940-45; son of
distinguished University of Vermont zoologist; Eugenical News, Advisory
Board 1936
Source: AESM 1931; EN, May/June 1936; EN 1939-45; WWWIA; EN 1946 December
p. 51
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Retherford, Robert D. - Pres. 1991-1993; Director 1989, 1990
Personal: East West Population Institute 1989-90; The East-West Institute
was founded and is funded by Congress. It is an agency of the US
Information Agency with a budget of $23,000,000. (see US Budget)
Publications:
1991 "Birth Order and Intelligence - further tests of the confluence
model", American Soc. Review 56(2): 141-158 w/ W. H. Sewell q.v.; 1988
"Intelligence and Family Size Reconsidered" w/ W. H. Sewell q.v., Social
Biology, v. 35, 1-2; 1986 Recent Fertility Trends in the Pacific
Islands; 1985 Comparison of Fertility Trends Estimated Alternatively from
Birth Histories and Own Children; 1975 The Changing Sex Differential in
Mortality
Source: SB 1989-91; US Budget
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Scott, John Paul - Member 1956, 1974; Director 1959-63; v.p. 1964-65;
1966-71 (June)
Personal:
Bowling Green State University 1966-71 (Dept. of Psychology 1966-68);
Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory, Division of Behavioral Studies
1959-65; Member, American Society of Human Genetics 1954
Publications:
1987 review essay "On Genetics and Criminal Behavior" (Crime and Human
Nature, by Wilson and Herrnstein) in Social Biology, v. 34, 3-4; 1971
Social Control and Social Change (ed.), Chicago; 1969 "Biological basis
of human warfare", in Interdisciplinary Relationships in the Social
Sciences Chicago; 1972 Animal Behavior (rev. ed. 1972; 1st ed. 1958);
1968 Early Experience and the Organization of Behavior; 1965 Genetics and
the Social Behavior of the Dog, Chicago
Quotes:
"Those who control the flow of energy control the basic power by which
the behavior of other individuals can be directed. In our society access
to energy is primarily regulated through money ... money ... is ... one
of the most efficient agents of social control ever devised" Social
Control and Social Change p. 224
Source: EQ 1956, 1959-68; SB 1969-71; Osborne list; Membership list,
American Society of Human Genetics, AJHG 1954
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shapiro, Harry L. - Director 1947-52; v.p. 1953; Pres. 1956-63; Director
1964-73; Member 1974
Personal:
b. 1902; 1990 obit in Current Biography, v. 51, March, p. 61; PhD
(anthropology) Harvard 1926 (see Hooten q.v.); American Museum of Natural
History 1926-73 (asst . curator to Curator of anthropology 1926-42;
Curator of Anthropology 1942-68, following Clark Wissler q.v. of the AES
Advisory Council, who trained Frederick Osborn q.v.; Shapiro is one of
the people Osborn would have talked to about the Pioneer Fund sponsored
Hall Of Human Biology and Evolution); Univ. of Hawaii, Prof., Physical
anthropology (1930-35); Columbia Univ., Prof., anthropology 1943-;
Member, American Society of Human Genetics 1954; Eugenics Research
Association; biological anthropology
Publications:
1976 Peking Man.; 1971"Strange Unfinished Saga of Peking Man" , Nature
Hist. 80:8-10, 71; 1971 Man, Culture and Society., London; 1960 The
Jewish People: a biological history., UNESCO; 1960 The Race Question in
Modern Science. 1960; 1939 Migration and Environment: a study of the
physical characteristics of the Japanese immigrants to Hawaii and the
effects of environment on their descendants., w/ F. S. Hulse q.v., Oxford
Univ. Press; 1933 The Physical Characteristics of the Ortong Javanese.
1933
Quotes:
1933 "... it is conceivable, even inevitable, in the future society of
which man will be a part that the population will be mated as carefully
as the animal breeder now controls his stock" (from Natural History,
Nov-Dec. 1933 quoted in Current Biography 1952 "Harry Shapiro"
Source: EN 1947-53; EQ 1956-68; SB 1969-73; Membership list, American
Society of Human Genetics, AJHG 1954; Osborne list; AMWS 14th ed.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sherrod, Lonnie R. - Treasurer 1984-90
Personal:
Social Science Research Council, 605 Third Ave., NY, NY 10158
Publications:
1986 Human Development and the Life Course: multidisciplinary
perspectives. sponsored by the Social Sciences Research Council w/ Aage
B. Sorensen and Franz Weiner, pub. L. Erlbaum Associates; 1981 Infant
Social Cognition: Empirical Theoretical Considerations
Source: SB 1984-90
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slade, Valeda - Secretary 1989, 1990
Personal:
1990 Population Council, One Dag Hammarskold Place, NY, NY 10017; 1986
Membership Chairman of SSSB
Publications:
1986 editor, Studies in Family Planning
Source: SB 1989, 1990; Population Council Annual Report p. 57
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Snyder, Prof. Laurence H. - Director 1947-49; v.p. 1950-52; Director 1953
Personal;
b. 1901; Dean of the Graduate College, Univ. of Oklahoma 1947-53;
American Society of Human Genetics v.p. 1948, 1949, Pres. 1950)
Publications:
Blood Groups. 1973 Minneapolis, Burgess (Basic Concepts in Anthropology);
Computer Applications in Genetics: proceedings of a Congress dedicated to
L. H. Snyder. 1969 sponsored by University of Hawaii and NIH Division of
Research grants, Genetics Study Section, published by the Univ. of Hawaii
Press; The Principles of Heredity. 1957 5th Ed (1st Ed 1935); Genetics,
Medicine and Man. 1947 by H. J. Muller w/ L. H. Snyder (Messenger
Lectures on the Evolution of Civilization, Cornell University 1945);
Medical Genetics: a series of lectures presented to the medical schools
of Duke University, Wake Forest College, and the University of North
Carolina. 1941 Duke University Press; "Strange Sensations", Scientific
American, July 1936; "Whose Baby", Scientific American, April 1934; Blood
Groupings in Relation to Clinical and Legal Medicine. 1929 Williams and
Wilkins
Source: EN 1947-53; AJHG, 1952, v. 4, #4 (Historical note)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Teitelbaum, Michael S. - Director 1972-79, 1981-83; Pres. 1985-90;
Director 1992-1993
Personal:
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation 1992- 1993; Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace 1981-83; Ford Foundation 1970-1982 (University of
Oxford 1976-79; Ford Foundation 1973-75; Princeton University 1972-73);
headed undisclosed, undebated US population policy development in the US
Congress, according to his own account in The International Encyclopedia
of Population. "United States" while at the Ford Foundation, see also
Limiting Population Growth and the Ford Foundation, John Caldwell, 1986,
p. 78-80
Publications:
1992 "The population threat: international aspects of overpopulation",
Foreign Affairs, v. 71, #5, Winter 1992-93 (article "draws on
contributions by members of the Council on Foreign Relations Study Group
on Population and US Policy", p. 63, 1992-93, Foreign Affairs, v. 71,
#5); 1990 "New polemics on immigration" (open door policy questioned),
Journal of Commerce and Commercial, v. 386, Oct. 18, p. 14A; 1989
Population , Resources and the Environment: The Interplay of Science
Ideology and Intellectual Traditions, Cambridge; 1985 The Fear of
Population Decline w/ Jay M. Winter; 1984 The British Fertility Decline:
demographic transition in the crucible of the industrial revolution,
Princeton Univ. Press; 1976 Sex Differences: social and biological
perspectives. 1976 (ed.) Anchor Press; 1972 "Factors associated with the
sex ratio in human populations" in The Structure of Human Populations
1972 (eds.) G. A. Harrison (ES, q.v.) and A. J. Boyce (ES)
Source: SB 1972-79, 1981-83, 1985-90, 1992-1993
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Whitney, Leon F. - Executive Secretary 1925-1932; Director 1932
Source: AESM 1925-32; Eugenics, Feb., 1929
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. MEMBERS ACTIVITIES
Source of members' names: names of officers and directors were listed in
the Eugenical News (EN + date), Eugenics Quarterly (EQ + date) and Social
Biology (SB + date) for the years from 1939-1994 and in "Brief History of
the American Eugenics Society", Eugenical News, December 1946, vol. 31
#4, p. 49 ff for the years from 1922-1940 (EN 1946, December) and in
Minutes of the American Eugenics Society 1925-39 deposited in the
American Philosophical Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (AESM + date);
a list of members as of 1925 is deposited in the American Philosophical
Library in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1925 list); a list of members of
the Advisory Council appeared in Eugenics, Feb., 1929 (Eugenics, Feb.
1929); a list of members appeared in the Eugenics Quarterly 1956 (EQ
1956); Frederick Osborn wrote to congratulate new members as they joined.
the Society and these letters, with other letters to and from members,
are deposited in the American Philosophical Society Library's American
Eugenics Society collection (AESC + date); Richard Osborne, editor of
Social Biology, prepared a list of members for the officers and directors
of the Society in 1974 (Osborne list); Barry Mehler compiled a table of
the terms served by members of the Advisory Council and the Board of
Directors from 1923 to 1940 which he published in his PhD thesis, A
History of the American Eugenics Society 1921-1940, UMI Dissertation
Services, 1988 (Mehler + page number); other sources as specified.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
C. DIRECTORS
Allen, Dr. Gordon - see under officers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anderson, Loyd L. - 1931
Source: AESM 1931
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bajema, Carl Jay - see under officers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Belknap, Chauncy - see under officers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bigelow, Maurice - see under officers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bodmer, Prof. Walter F. - Director 1971; Member (Foreign) 1974
Personal:
b. 1936; Director, Human Genome Project in England, 1992; Imperial Cancer
Research Fund, England; Stanford University 1971; member Eugenics
Society, England (see entry in Eugenics Society list)
Publications:
1992 "Genome Research in Europe", Science, v. 256, April 24, p. 480;
"Molecular analysis of APC mutations in familial adenomatous polyposis
and sporadic colon carcinomas" w/ others, The Lancet, v. 340, Sept. 12,
p. 626; 1987 "Localisation of the Gene for Adenomatous Polyposis on
Chromosome 5:, Nature 328:614-16; Mathematical Genetics. (ed. w/ J. F. C.
Kingman), Proc of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences, v. 219 #1216;
Oncogenes: their role in normal and malignant growth. 1984 Proc. of Royal
Society w/ R. Weiss and J. Wyke, Series B. v. 226 (#1242); Inheritance of
Susceptibility to Cancer in Man. 1982 (Ed.) published for Imperial Cancer
Research Fund by Oxford Press; Genetics of the Cell Surface. (Ed.) Proc.
of the Royal Society Series B. v. 202 (#1146); 1979 "Evolution of a
Sickle Variant Gene", Lancet, II:923; Genetics, Evolution and Man. 1976
w/ Luigi L. Cavalli-Sforza, San Francisco, Freeman; Our Future
Inheritance: chance or choice? 1974 (a study by a British Association for
the Advancement of Science working party) w/ Alun Jones. Oxford Univ.
Press; The Genetics of Human Populations. 1971 w/ Luigi L.
Cavalli-Sforza, San Francisco, Freeman; "Intelligence and Race", w/ L. L.
Cavalli-Sforza q.v., Scientific American, Oct. 1970; Genetic
Organization: a comprehensive treatise. 1969 Ed by Ernst Caspari and
Arnold Ravin w/ contrib by W. F. Bodmer) New York, Academic Press;
"Perspectives in Genetic Demography" 1967 w/ L. Cavalli-Sforza in
Proceedings of the World Population Conference, 1965. Vol. 2, United
Nations; "A program for genetic demography based on data from large scale
social surveys" Eugenics Quarterly 12:85-89
Source: SB 1971 (June), ES list
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bongaarts, John - 1988-93
Personal:
1993-1988 Population Council (v.p. 1992; Director, Research Division
1992; Medical Abortifacients Advisory Committee 1992 (this must include
RU-486))
Publications:
1994 "Can the Growing Human Population Feed Itself", Scientific American,
March; 1991 Family Demography: Methods and Their Application; 1990 "The
Measurement of Wanted Fertility", Population Council Working Paper #10;
1983 Fertility, Biology and Behavior: analysis of the proximate
determinants. w/ Robert G. Potter q.v. Academic Press; The proximate
determinants of natural marriage fertility 1982 New York, Population
Council Working Papers, Center for Policy Studies; 1978 "A framework for
analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility", Pop. Dev. Rev., v. 4,
#1, p. 105 ff
Background:
In 1990 in "The Measurement of Wanted Fertility", Population Council
Working Paper #10, Bongaarts developed a new method of measuring "wanted
fertility". He applied this method to 48 surveys from developing
countries and concluded that 26% of fertility is unwanted. (Population
Council Index, v. 56, #2, F.4.4.). This piece of "data" is the basis for
many statements about the need for contraception and abortion world wide.
Analysing Bongaarts' method is an area where research is needed.
Source: SB 1988-1991, 1993; Population Council Annual Report 1992
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Borg, Sidney - 1938
Personal:
American Eugenics Society meeting told that Mr. Borg was a leader among
the Jewish people in New York City (Minutes, May 1938)
Source: AESM, May 1938
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bouchard Jr., T. J. - 1993
Personal:
Minnesota Twin Study supported by the Pioneer Fund (see W.P. Draper);
Univ. Minnesota 1993
Publications:
1993 "Heritability of Interests: a twin study" w/ David T. Lykken,
Matthew McGue, Auke Tellegen, Journal of Applied Psychology, v. 78,
August, p. 649; 1993 Grief intensity following the loss of a twin and
other relatives: test of kinship genetic hypothesis", Human Biology,
February, v. 65, p. 87 with correction in Human Biology April 1993, v.
65, p. 337; 1992 "Work Values: Genetic and Environmental Influences" w/
L. Keller, Nancy L. Segal et al, Journal of Applied Psychology, v. 77,
Feb., p. 79; 1990 "Sources of human psychological differences: the
Minnesota study of twins reared apart", w/ David T. Lykken, Matthew
McGue, Nancy L. Segal and Auke Tellegen, Science, v. 250, Oct. 12, p.
223; "Sex Differences in Human Spatial Ability: Not an X-linked
Recessive Gene Effect", Social Biology, v. 24, 4
Background: The Minnesota Twin Study claimed to demonstrate a high
heritability for IQ. Daniel Seligman explains the implications to the
readers of Fortune. "... high heritabilities make it harder to relate
[status] to privileged environments. Such figures are also bad news for
social engineers with schemes to equalize IQ's, e.g. via early
intervention in the lives of children with low scoring parents. The
higher the heritability, the harder it to believe that the kids can be
turned into middle class professionals. ... the liberal media keep
looking for environmental explanations of IQ ... [which] is a stunning
howler, deserving to be cataloged with flat earth views about our planet
... the Bouchard data look threatening only to egalitarian
doctrinaires." Daniel Seligman, "Keeping Up", Fortune, Nov. 19, 1990.
(see also "Genes on the Job", in Fortune, "Keeping Up", Jan. 13, 1992;
1992 "Work Values: Genetic and Environmental Influences" T.J. Bouchard,
L. Keller, Nancy L. Segal et al, Journal of Applied Psychology, v. 77,
Feb., p. 79)
Source: SB 1993
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brace, C. Loring - 1974, 1985-87, 1989
Personal:
Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan 1974; University of
Michigan 1985-87
Source: Osborne list; SB 1985-87; AMWS 1989
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bresler, Jack B. - 1971 (Sept.), 1972 (March); Member 1974, 1986
Personal:
Veterans Administration, Central Office, senior researcher 1980-; health
planning
b. 1923 NYC; PhD (biology) Univ. of Illinois 1957; Tufts University,
assoc. prof. and director of research 1966-76; NIH, cons., Collaborative
Study Human Reproduction 1957-62; National Science Foundation,
application review 1974-76; AAAS; Behavioral Genetics Society
Publications:
1973 Genetics and Society. 1973 (A W series in the life sciences),
Reading, Massachusetts, Addison Wesley (A W); 1968 Environments of Man.
(A W series in the life sciences) Addison Wesley; 1966 Human Ecology:
collected readings. (A W series in the life sciences) Addison Wesley;
1962 "The relationship between the fertility patterns of the F1
generation and the number of counties of birth represented in the P1
generation" American Journal of Physical Anthropology 20:509; 1961 "The
relation of population fertility levels to ethnic group backgrounds",
Eugenics Quarterly 8:12-22; genetic and social consequences of inter
ethnic mating; manuscript reviewer for Social Biology 1965-(1972)
Source: SB 1971 (Sept.), 1972 (March); Osborne list; AMWS 1986, AMWS 12th
ed
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bruell, Jan - 1974, 1985-1987
Personal:
University of Texas 1985-87
Source: Osborne list; SB 1985-87
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brush, Mrs. Dorothy H. - 1956-63
Personal:
1917 Smith College; worked with Margaret Sanger 1930's; International
Planned Parenthood Federation, (Honorary Advisory for Field Work Services
1959); Editor, Around the World News of Population and Birth Control
1952-56 (the International Planned Parenthood Federation's newsletter);
Chmn., Brush Foundation for Race Betterment 1957-63; associate of
Margaret Sanger
Background:
friend of Margaret Sanger; read Plato's Republic in college; married into
the family of Charles Francis Brush (Charles Francis Brush 1849-1929;
invented arc lamp used for street lighting in Cleveland; founded Brush
Electric Company; became rich); founded Maternal Health Association of
Cleveland; Charles Francis Brush Jr. died; Married Alexander Dick,
divorced; married Dr. Lewis C. Walmsley, a former missionary; three
planned children (Charles F. Brush, Mrs. Sylvia Dick Karas); Charles
Francis Brush founded Brush Foundation for Race Betterment in son's
honor; National Committee on Federal Legislation, Secretary; "birth
control missionary" with Margaret Sanger in 1937; Steering committee
which founded Planned Parenthood Federation of America 1939;
International Planned Parenthood Committee, Secretary 1946; IPPF observer
to United Nations Population Conference in Rome 1954; lecture tour in
Japan with Abraham Stone and Margaret Sanger 1952
Jewish Emigration under Hitler
Dorothy Brush was an aunt of Juliet Rublee, who was an owner of the Birth
Control Review 1919; Juliet Rublee's husband, George Rublee, was charged
by the League of Nations with the task of attempting to extricate 650,000
Jews and 75,000 German Catholics from Hitler's Germany in 1938. An
impossible job - but was he the best man? After all, Margaret Sanger's
Birth Control Review allowed Professor Ernst Rudin to publish an article
on sterilization in 1932. Rudin went on to help write Hitler's race
laws, the laws leading to the desire of the Jews to get out of Germany.
RCAR and the Brush Foundation:
after Mrs. Brush's death, the Brush Foundation for Race Betterment gave
money to the Religious Coalition for Abortion Rights (RCAR)
Brush Foundation, IPPF and Racial Hygiene:
"To those of us who have reason to be grateful to the Brush Foundation
for Race Betterment (USA) - not least among them the readers of this News
[the IPPF newsletter, Around the World News of Population and Birth
Control] - the publication of a brochure marking the thirtieth
anniversary of the Brush Foundation will be of interest... $500,000, the
income of which only can be used, was placed in the hands of the
Cleveland (Ohio) Trust Company. Mr. Brush's grandson, Mr. Maurice
Perkins, gave $250,000 with no restriction on the use of capital ... it
is from this fund that the Brush Foundation has recently allocated to the
IPPF $25,000 for each of two years for pioneer projects... In 1948 ....
the Foundation provided the bulk of the funds necessary to establish an
international planned parenthood office, which is now the IPPF
Headquarters office. A subsidy, which in 1955 was increased to $5,000,
has been made annually for its operating expenses. The Foundation
contributed to the organizational expenses of both the Bombay and Tokyo
Conferences under IPPF auspices in 1952 and 1955. It also underwrites
this bulletin to the extent of $10,000 a year. The total amount to June
30, 1957, expended by the Brush Foundation in support of the IPPF was
approximately $106,000 (33,855 British pounds). The Brush Foundation has
recently joined with the Watumull Foundation of Hawaii in an effort to
raise further funds for the IPPF.... among the research projects [other
than the IPPF] listed in the brochure are an enquiry into the growth and
development of the well-born child ($266,000), virus research ($250,000),
assistance to the Maternal Health Association of Cleveland ($97,000) and
research in human reproduction including assistance to the Cleveland
Infertility Clinic. ($136,000)" (ARTW, Dec. 1957)
A "Review of Third Annual Report of the IPPF" in the IPPF newsletter
(ARTW) included the following statements:"... the generous increase in
the grant made by the Brush Foundation from $3,000 to $5,000 a year as
from May 1955 for the maintenance of Headquarters ... A well-merited
tribute is paid to the punctilious - and always punctual - work done by
Mrs. Dorothy Brush as editor of the News from 1952 to 1956 ... reports
from three of its member organizations ... Australia: The Racial Hygiene
Association of Australia, affiliated to the American Social Hygiene
Association ... family planning, premarital counseling, marriage
guidance, sex education and the promotion of eugenics ... Ceylon: ...
only those contraceptive methods approved by the IPPF are recommended by
the [Family Planning Association of Ceylon]... Financial aid has also
been made available by Dr. Clarence Gamble through the National Committee
on Maternal Health (New York) ... Pakistan:... In 1955 Mr. Justice
Muhammad Munir, Chief Justice of Pakistan, honored the [Family Planning
Association of Pakistan] by becoming its president." ARTW, Dec. 1957
Source: SB 1962-63; Margaret Sanger.; WWWIA; Brush Foundation Annual
Reports; Nazi histories; Encyclopedia Britannica 15th edition "Charles
Francis Brush; ARTW Dec. 1957 (IPPF Meetings); ARTW, Jan 1957 ("Feathers
in My Cap", a short memoir by Dorothy Brush)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Burch, Guy Irving - see under officers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Burden, William A. M. - Director 1950-61; Member 1974
Personal:
Council on Foreign Relations (director 1945); Business Administration,
New York City 1950-59; United States ambassador to Belgium 1960-61
Source: EN 1950-53; EQ 1954-61; Osborne list; WWWIA
Burgess, Prof. Earnest W.- 1946-58
Personal:
1886-1966; University of Chicago 1916-66 (Prof. of Sociology 1946-52,
Emeritus 1953-66); BA 1908 Kingfisher College, Oklahoma; PhD 1913
University of Chicago; studied nature of family, possibility of
predicting success in marriage
Publications:
On Community, Family and Delinquency: Selected Writings of Earnest
Burgess. 1973 Ed by L. Cottrell, Albert Hunter and James Short) Univ. of
Chicago Press; Successful Marriage: a modern guide to love, sex and
family life. Ed w/ Morris Fishbein), rev. Ed 1963 (1957 edition has title
Modern Marriage and Family Living.); Retirement Preparation: Chicago
Plan. 1961; Aging in Western Societies. 1960 Univ. of Chicago Press
(studied retirement and efficacy of government programs); Successful
Marriage: an authoritative guide to problems related to marriage from the
beginning of sexual attraction to matrimony and the successful rearing of
a family. 1949 Ed w/ Fishbein) 1949; "Predicting Success" 1939 cited by
F. J. Kallmann AJHG 1952, 4, 209; Introduction to the Science of
Sociology. 1924 w/ R. Park, Univ. of Chicago Press (reprinted 1929). One
of Burgess's most important works, a classic, set new directions in
sociology. It was used with a type of psychology based on the work of
William James and developed by John Dewey and George Mead. This saw the
self as formed by interaction with others. Burgess saw collective
behavior as a "circular reaction" in which each self reacts by mirroring
the action or sentiments of another which intensifies the first person's
reaction. So propaganda, psychological warfare, social marketing and
advertising are simply four ways to mold this plasticity in a good
direction. Ed note)
Source: EN 1946-53; EQ 1954-58; Encyclopedia Britannica 15th edition
"Earnest Burgess", and vol. 27:382 and vol. 16:616
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Burks, Barbara S. - 1942
Personal:
Dept. of Psychology, Columbia University 1942
Publications:
worked with L. Terman q.v. on Genetic Studies of Genius; "The Relative
Influence of Nature and Nurture upon Mental Development: A Comparative
Study of Foster- Foster Child Resemblance and True Parent True Child
Resemblance" 1928, Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of
Education, Vol. 27 pp. 219-316
Source: EN 1942
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Buxton, Prof. Dr. C. Lee - Member 1956; Director 1958-66
Personal:
MD; Prof. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Yale University
1958-66; while chairman of the department of obstetrics at Yale, he, with
Mrs. Griswold of Planned Parenthood of Connecticut, appealed a case on
contraception to the US Supreme Court (Griswold v. Connecticut); four of
his patients appealed as well
Background:
"In June 1961 the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut decided to
challenge their state anti birth control law in the Supreme Court, which
declined to give a ruling ... The Planned Parenthood League of
Connecticut therefore went ahead and opened a clinic, which they operated
for ten days ... it was closed by the police ... The Executive Director
of the League and its Medical Adviser, who is Chief of Obstetrics and
Surgery at Yale University was arrested; on 2nd January 1962, Dr. Buxton
and Mrs. Griswold were found guilty ... An appeal has been filed to the
Higher State Courts. The issues involved in the case are of world
importance to the family planning movement" from Annual Report,
International Planned Parenthood Federation 1959-61 p. 13 (Griswold v.
Connecticut)
Source: EQ 1956, 1958-66; Doctors, Patients and Health Insurance. 1961 p.
219
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Callahan, Daniel - 1987-92
Personal:
b. 1930; Assoc. editor, Commonweal 1962-69,
Population Council 1969; Founder/Director, Hastings Center 1969-94;
Publications:
1992 "The Euthanasia Debate: a problem with self determination", Current,
(Washington, DC), v. 346, p. 15, Oct.; 1990 What Kind of Life: the limits
of medical progress., Simon and Schuster; Case Studies in Ethics and
Medical Rehabilitation. 1988 (ed. w/ Janet Haas, Arthur L. Caplan),
Hastings Center; 1988 Biomedical ethics: an anglo-american dialogue., w/
Gordon Reginald Dunstan. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
(Dunstan was chaplain to QE II. Many Royal physicians and chaplains have
been involved with eugenics. King George V was euthanised by his
physician, Lord Dawson of Penn.); Setting Limits: medical goals in an
aging society. 1987 Simon and Schuster; Abortion: Understanding
Differences. 1984 w/ Sidney Cornelia Callahan, Hastings Center Series in
Ethics; Limited Health Care Resources: ethical implications of our
choices. 1983 address to Health Planning Council for Greater Boston;
Science, Ethics and Medicine. 1976 ed. w/ Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.)
Hastings Center; "Abortion: Thinking and Experiencing" in Christianity
and Crisis, April 6, 1973, 295 ff; "Living with the New Biology" Center
Magazine, v. 5, 1972, p. 4 ff; Abortion: Law, Choice and Morality. 1970
Macmillan; The Catholic Case for Contraception. 1969 London, Arlington
Books
Background:
How Dissent Forwarded the Eugenic Agenda: "The appearance of the pill had
another quite dramatic effect on the population debate in that its nature
and the possibility of its acceptance as a licit method so divided the
Catholic Church that there was never again to be a politically important
Catholic opposition to the use of technical aid funds to support either
biomedical research into human reproduction or Third World family
planning programs. Later in 1964 the Vatican Commission began its inquiry
into oral contraception that was to last two years" Limiting Population
Growth and the Ford Foundation, John Caldwell (q.v.). 1986, p. 78
Source: SB 1987-92; WSW 1992-93; Hastings Center Report, March/ April
1994
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cobb MD, Prof. Dr. W. Montague - 1958-66
Personal:
b. 1904, Washington, DC; PhD Case Western Reserve, Cleveland 1932;
Fellow, Case Western Reserve 1933-44; Howard University (MD 1929, Asst.
prof. to prof. anatomy 1932-69, head, Dept. of Anatomy, 1947-69,
Distinguished Prof. 1969-73, Emeritus 1973-, Exec cttee of Medical
School 1945-69); NAACP (Chmn., National Medical Committee 1944-77; Pres.
1977-82); editor, Journal Nat. Med. Assn. 1949-77; American Association
of Physical Anthropologists (assoc. editor of Journal 1949-)
Source: EQ 1958-66; AMWS 1982
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cohen, Prof. Joel E. - 1988-92
Personal:
Professor of Population, Rockefeller University 1975-; b. 1944; PhD
(Applied Math) Harvard 1970, MPH 1970, PHD (public health) 1970; "Road to
Ruin", by T. A. Bass, Discover, May 1992, v. 13, p. 56 (discusses Prof.
Cohen's career)
Publications:
1992 "How many people can earth hold", Discover, Nov., v. 13, p. 114;
1978 Food Webs and Niche Space, Monographs in Population Biology # 11,
Princeton Press; 1971 "Legal Abortions, socioeconomic status and measured
intelligence in the US" Social Biology
Quotes:
Prof. Cohen Becomes Humorous: "You might think that life would be dull
without sex but not so. Sex is only one of nature's several ways of
shuffling genes so that there's plenty of variability among organisms.
... For example, cows and termites carry microorganisms ... As long as
natural selection is at work, life would still be fun" from "What Would
Life Be Like Without Sex", Discover, June 1992
Source: SB 1988-1992
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conklin, Edwin G. - 1925, 1928-31; Advisory Council 1923-26
Publications:
1943 Man Real and Ideal: Observations and Reflections on Man's Nature
Development and Destiny Scribners; Heredity and Environment 1925
Source: AESM 1925, 1928; Eugenics, Feb., 1929; Mehler p. 323-4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cook, Robert Carter - 1939-63
Personal:
b. 1898 Washington D.C.; d. 1991; son of botanist, Orator Fuller Cook;
attended Sidwell Friends; became editor of Journal of Heredity (1922-62)
at urging of Alexander Graham Bell ; Population Reference Bureau
(Director, then president 1952-68); consultant on population and
genetics, National Parks Association 1968; Lect., George Washington
University 1944-63; American Genetic Association, Washington DC 1940-57;
Member, American Society of Human Genetics 1954; Lasker Award 1955
Publications:
1968 People: An introduction to the study of population., Population
Reference Bureau, Washington; 1962 *****"How many people have ever lived
on earth", Population Bulletin 28(1): 1-17***** (a very popular work and
the source for many calculations. Is it accurate?); Journal of Heredity,
editor 1922-62 (journal of American Genetic Association); 1962 Population
and Food Supply., United Nations, Office of Public Information, FFHC
Basic Study No. 7; 1951 Human Fertility: the modern dilemma, 1951,
London (chps. two and three originally published in the Atlantic Monthly
under the title "Puerto Rico: An Explosion of People"); 1946 How
heredity builds our lives: an introduction to human genetics and
eugenics., w/ Barbara S. Burks q.v., Washington, American Genetic Assn.
1939-45; 1939 Editorial Cttee, Eugenical News; 1939 Birth Control Review,
Consulting editor; 1939 "Bootleg Birth Control", Colliers
Quotes:
1939 In "Bootler Borth Control" he called for "more births among the
"groups of higher intelligence" and fewer from the "least intelligent,
least trained and least capable groups", a concept that fell into
disfavor after the brutal excesses of the Nazis in Germany" (quoted in
Washington Post obit, Jan. 9, 1991)
1951 "Next to the atom bomb, the most ominous force in the world today is
uncontrolled fertility", (from Human Fertility: the modern dilemma
quoted in Washington Post obit, Jan. 9, 1991)
Source: EN 1939-53; EQ 1954-63; Membership list, American Society of
Human Genetics, AJHG 1954; BCR, Nov. 1939; WWWIA; Obit Washington Post,
Jan. 9, 1991, B-4); Mehler p. 325
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Cornblatt, Barbara A. - 1987-92
Personal:
Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, NYC 1991; New York State Psychiatric
Institute 1987-90
Source: SB 1987-92
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Crow, Prof. James Franklin - 1971-74, 1979-81
Personal:
b. 1916; PhD, (genetics), Univ. of Texas 1941; Dept. of Genetics,
University of Wisconsin, Madison (1948-(1992), Prof. of Genetics 1958-86,
Emeritus 1986-(1992); Genetics Soc. America (Pres., 1960); American
Society of Human Genetics (Member 1954, Pres., 1963); cited by Jensen
Publications:
1991 "Wright's Shifting Balance Theory: an experimental study", W.J.
Wade, w/ reply by J.F. Crow, Science, v. 253, p. 973 Aug. 30; 1989
Population Biology of Genes and Molecules, w/ N. Takahata; 1986 Basic
Concepts in Population, Quantitative and Evolutionary Genetics; 1979
"Genes That Violate Mendel's Rules", Scientific American, Feb. ; 1968
"Selective Mating, Assortative Mating, and Inbreeding: Definitions and
Implications", w/ D. Kirk q.v., and R. Lewontin q.v., Eugenics Quarterly,
v. 15:141 (Background explanation: "assortative mating does not change
gene frequency, whereas selective mating does" from H. C. Spencer, Social
Biology 1992, v. 39, p. 310); 1959 "Ionizing Radiation and Evolution",
Scientific American, Sept.
Quotes:
1972 Artificial insemination "could ... produce in a single generation
quite drastic changes in height, intelligence, or any other quantitative
trait with a high heritability if it were widely applied ... [does a
parent] have an inalienable right to produce a child that is
uneducable?... The right to reproduce at will is regarded as a basic
human right. I cannot see this remaining true much longer ... world wide
control of birthrates is an absolute necessity ... If this is achieved
with wide public acceptance, then some concern over differential
reproduction is also in order.
The means of eugenics are becoming acceptable. Abortion ... Artificial
insemination ... birth control ... There is no unanimity now as to what
constitutes positive eugenic goals ... We would surely agree that variety
is to be preferred to uniformity ... as a hedge against unforseen
contingencies in the future ... Negative aims ... for the genes causing
muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, Tay-Sachs disease and the Lesch-Nyhan
syndrome to become extinct ... the question is one of means ... We have
Nazi Germany as a horrible example of how badly such a program can go
wrong ... I want to see the subject [of negative eugenics] discussed. If
eugenics is a dirty word we can find something else that means the same
thing" from "Conclusion" by Crow in Proc. of a symposium, Advances in
Human Genetics and Their Impact on Society, Birth Defects Original
Articles Series, v. 8, #4, July, 1972
Source: SB 1971 (Sept.)-1974, 1979-81; Osborne list; Membership list,
American Society of Human Genetics, AJHG 1954
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Davenport, Charles B. - 1929
Source: Eugenics, Feb., 1929
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Davis, Prof. Kingsley - 1952-55; Member 1956, 1974
Personal:
b. Texas 1908; sociology, demography, social science (applied); Univ. of
California at Berkeley (Prof. of Sociology 1955-70; Dept. of Sociology
and Social Institutions 1956-; Chmn., International Population and Urban
Research, Univ. California at Berkeley 1956-77; Chmn., Dept. of Sociology
1961-63; Ford Prof. 1970-77); University of Southern California
(Distinguished Professor of Sociology 1977-); MA Sociology 1933 Harvard
Univ.; Smith College 1934-36; Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
1936-37; Pennsylvania State University (Assoc. Prof., then Chmn. of the
Sociology Department 1937-42); research assoc., Office of Population
Research, Princeton Univ. 1942-44; Princeton Univ. (assoc. prof of public
affairs 1944-45, assoc. prof. of anthropology and sociology 1945-48; the
Department of Public Affairs supported the Office of